Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example This in turn allows the organisations to formulate the marketing plan and strategies accordingly. Owing to increasing globalization and changes in the overall world, customers have now become more aware (Leslie, 1995). This in turn has increased the importance of customers in the process of formulating different strategies. It has become essential for the organisations to understand the attitudes and behaviour of the consumers, in order to ensure that the respective products have high acceptance and demand. Marketing plans and strategies are used by the organisations in order to increase the visibility and demand of the product. If these marketing strategies are integrated with the consumer behaviour and attitudes, the impact of these strategies can be improved (Varadarajan & Menon, 1988). In this report an attempt has been made to understand the influence of these consumer behaviour models and theories on the marketing strategies of the organisations. Different marketing activities of Coca Cola have been used to explain the use of these models and theories in order to influence the process of decision making and consumer choice. For this purpose, it is first important to understand the relationship of marketing strategy and consumer behaviour. Once, understanding of this relationship will be developed it will become easier to comprehend the impact of different consumer behaviour models and theories on the marketing activities of the organisation (Vermeulen & Seegers, 2009). Most of the large organisations are aware of the importance of the understanding of consumer behaviour. Understanding the attitudes and behaviour of consumer enables the organisations to ensure the long term profits and growths associated with the products being offered (Gardner, 1985). First step in the process of formulating effective and efficient marketing strategy in order to survive in competitive industry is understanding and anticipating the consumer behaviour (Hawkins &

Community Health Nursing Essay Example for Free

Community Health Nursing Essay The implementation of a program which makes health care accessible is a goal of any society. In line with this goal, the establishment of community health nursing was formed. This provided better opportunities for people to acquire the right health care assistance for each of their concerns. There were some factors that may be attributed in the formation of a health nursing. These influenced the creation of the program which intended to provide resolutions for problems that have long been encountered. The first source of influence may be justified even before the 19th century Europe. In the past, family members who were sick were just attended by female members of the family and were not able to access full health care from a professional or a specialist (Allender, 2004). One of the great problems which were encountered by societies was the minimal opportunity for ordinary people to go to a medical specialist. Almost always the case, only those who have the economic capability were able to avail these types of services. Add to that the seemingly underdeveloped infrastructures back then. This paved the way for an idea to bring at least satellite health care units in small communities to service the general public. One more attribute which lead to the development of community health care can be pointed out to religious charities. The monks in Florence, Italy had committed a historical health care service for those who encountered accidents. They even provided first aid solutions for people who needed their help even on a 24 hour basis. As a matter of fact, these religious figures even provided the necessary health care for various pilgrims to some of the considered holy lands based on religious beliefs. During the medieval times, there have also been great developments in community based health services. There was a time when a law catering to the poor of England was passed in 1601. This rule designated the instructions for health specialists to render their services to the poor who did not have any means of availing health care. Since the governing sector is centralized in the royal institution, it was really easy to disseminate the services to identifiable poor communities in the country. Another historic event took place in France when the Friendly Visitor Volunteers was formed. In 17th century France, there was a great deal in re-establishing the economy. This prompted the organization to render public health services by sending the service directly to the homes of the poor and disabled. The main funding process of the organization was initiated by wealthy women individuals of the society who cared for the welfare of the general public. The community health nursing was definitely a very good approach in caring for the needy and unfortunate. However, by the time the Industrial Revolution hit Europe and America, the group of these community based health units were greatly reduced. This paved the way for what the present health care structure societies have today. Hospitals and health centers were established even in bigger units and concentrated near urban areas. This was in direct contrast to the former approach of delegating specific health units among communities. Even though the extent of community health nursing is already reduced, newer counterparts in modern society today still has the same principle. Home nursing can be availed today via appointments with doctors and nurses. There are also some programs among today’s hospitals which can provide an extended health care service at home based on agreements. Moreover, the establishment of home care nursing centers provides at least a refuge for patients outside of hospitals. The modern day health professionals are partnering directly with individuals who want to improve their communities in promoting optimum health care (Richmond Health, 2001).

The Early History of Golf in the U.S. Essay -- Golf Sports Athletics E

The game of golf is one of the oldest of today’s modern sports. Its exact beginnings are not known; however, some historians trace golf back to the Stone Age while others claim it originated from the â€Å"idle antics of shepherd boys knocking small stones into holes in the ground with a crook while their flocks grazed nearby† (Peper 1). Researched back to the time of the Roman Empire, it is also believed the sports-oriented Romans played a forerunner of the game of golf called paganica. This sport involved the use of a bent stick and a ball stuffed with wool played in the open countryside. Golf comes to the United Sates The legendary beginnings of golf in the United States can be traced back to the mid-1600s. One of the first published references to golf in America was in 1659 referring to the ban on golf in the streets of Albany, New York. The next substantial reference to the game comes from Charleston, North Carolina in 1786. At that time, a local Charleston newspaper ran a story about the formation of the Harleston Green Golf Club. The Harleston Green remained in operation for approximately twenty-five years, closing about the time of the War of 1812. Around the same time period, approximately1795, another golf club opened in Savannah, Georgia. References to this golf club continued until 1811 again apparently closing just before the beginning of the war. The War of 1812 served to destroy the desire to play golf. It wasn’t until the late 1870s, well after the Civil War ended, that there was a resurgence of golf in the United States. Golf fever springs up throughout the United States Charles Macdonald was an early founder of American golf. He recalled playing golf in the Chicago area as early as 1875. Another promoter of golf, a young man named Andrew Bell from Burlington, Iowa, was initially exposed to golf when he went to Scotland to attend the University of Edinburgh. Upon his return to the United States in 1883, he laid out four informal golf holes on the family farm and played a few rounds with his friends. In 1884 Colonel Hamilton Gillispie, a former Scotsman who went into the lumber business in Florida, was known to hit golf balls in a field that is now the main street of Sarasota (History of Golf 7). Also in 1884, the Oakhurst Golf Club was formed in North Carolina now famous for it’s first hole from the Club’s Homestead course, celebrated to... ...ip. Today, the USGA membership exceeds 5,500 clubs throughout the United States. Golf, being one of the oldest of today’s modern sports, thrives in popularity continuing to entice young and old, male and female, rich and poor players. Works Cited Simpson, W.G. â€Å"The Origin of Golf.† A Tribute to Golf. Ed. Thomas Stewart. Harbor Springs, Michigan: Stewart, Hunter, and Associates. 1990. 78. Golf Magazine’s Encyclopedia of Golf. The Editors of Golf Magazine. New York, NY: Harper-Collins 1993. Doyle, Kathleen. â€Å"In John Reid’s Cow Pasture.† Sports in America. Sept. 1988: 34-38. Peper, George. â€Å"The Father of American Golf.† Golf Magazine. Dec. 1995. 118. Peper, George. â€Å"Birth of the USGA.† Golf Magazine. Dec. 1994. 124. Hannigan, Frank. â€Å"The History of the game of Golf.† Golf Digest Magazine. Jan. 2000. 171. Fields, Bill. â€Å"Changing the course of history.† Golf Digest Magazine. Sept. 1999. 17. McCord, Robert, R. Golf: an album of its history. Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books. 1998. Anderson, David. The story of golf. New York: W. Morrow. 1998. Menzies, Gordon. World of golf. New York: Bantam. 1982.

Causes & Effects of Broken Relationship

â€Å"Causes and Effects of Broken Relationship† A relationship is normally viewed as a connection between two individuals, such as a romantic relationship between a boy and a girl. A typical relationship is built through a deep, ineffable feeling of tenderly caring towards the person the relationship is concerned to. The conception of relationship encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love to the nonsexual emotional closeness of familial. Thus relationship in its various forms acts as a major facilitator. For further proceeding to this analysis of impact of broken relationship we now need to clarify how different types of relations are built and what are the facts that lead those relations to an unfair end meaning â€Å"break-up†. Interpersonal relationship: is a relatively long-term association between a boy and a girl (assuming the nonexistence of gay and lesbian relationship in our country). This association may be based on emotions like love and liking, as well as regular interactions. Interpersonal relationships take place in a great variety of contexts, such as friends, marriage, acquaintances, work, clubs, neighborhoods, and most significantly colleges and universities. They may be regulated by law, custom, or mutual agreement. They are the basis of social groups. Abusive relationships: Although human beings are fundamentally social creatures, interpersonal relationships are not always healthy. Such unhealthy relationships are basically known as abusive relationships. Abusive relationships include and codependence which means the boy or the girl, either or both of them are heavily depended to each other. All relationships involve some level of interdependence. People in a relationship tend to influence each other, share their thoughts and feelings, and engage in activities together. Because of this interdependence, anything that changes or impacts one member of the relationship will have some level of impact on the other member. Intimate relationship: is a particularly close interpersonal relationship. It is a relationship in which the participants (both the boy and girl) know or trust one another very well. They also have confidants of one another. It is a relationship in which there is physical or emotional intimacy. Physical intimacy is characterized by romance, passionate, attachment, and sexual activity whereas emotional intimacy is something that directly relates to emotion. According to George Levinger (1983), the natural development of a relationship follows five stages: 1. Acquaintance – Becoming acquainted depends on physical proximity, first impressions, and a variety of other factors. If a boy and a girl begin to like each other, continued interactions may lead to the next stage, but acquaintance can continue indefinitely. 2. Buildup – During this stage, that boy and girl begin to trust and care about each other. The need for compatibility and such filtering agents as common background and goals will influence whether or not interaction continues. 3. Continuation – This stage follows a mutual commitment to a long term friendship, romantic relationship, or marriage. It is generally a long, relative stable period. Nevertheless, continued growth and development will occur during this time. Mutual trust is important for sustaining the relationship 4. Deterioration – Not all relationships deteriorate, but those that do tend to show signs of trouble. 5. Termination – The final stage marks the end of the relationship, either by death in the case of a healthy relationship, or by broken-up. Methodology For conducting my research I used both primary and secondary data. To know the public point of view regarding this matter I made a questionnaire and did the survey of thirty people. Many of them were enthusiastically filled up questionnaire. Questionnaire was prepared, which consisted of about 10 questions. All questions were directly related to the topic. The questionnaire was made to identify causes of broken relationship, its effect to jeopardize career, and recommendation regarding broken relationship. I got lots of information from internet, but little bit from magazine and journal regarding this topic. Few of my friends gave me lots of idea which were really helpful for me to write up a research paper on this topic. Limitation To pull out the required information I had to do survey. I had faced some problems during preparing the research paper like- time constrains: this is quite obvious problem for every student to finish a research within a three and half month. So I have no other choice but to narrow it down. Research Findings To justify my thesis statement, I have prepared questionnaire, which included with ten questions. Among these questions first four questions were based on MCQ and rest of the open ended questions. Now I am clarifying each of the questions on the basis of my findings. 0% responses that he/ she will be good looking, wealthy and beautiful mind which is option (d), when he/she is going to choose his girlfriend/her boyfriend. But in reality it is not possible. 30% responses, that he/she will have beautiful mind. Below 10% suggest that wealthy and above 10% go with good looking are matters of choosing a boyfriend/girlfriend. More than 35% think that mental disagreement is the main reaso n, which leads a fair relationship to an unfair end. 30% response inequality in social status directs them to breaks up. Nearly 15% suggest other reasons whereas 20% agree that sexual dissatisfaction are also responsible ending up their relation. More than 45% response that he/she would be very disappointed when his or her girlfriend family does not accept their relationship. Less than 10% suggest they would marry without their permission. 30% do not know what they actually do and above 15% will accept it as a normal way. If he or she cannot match with his girlfriend or her boyfriend mentality after passing certain time, more than 55% response he or she will take the decision to end up their relation. Over 20% are confused what they would do as well as below 20% react in this way that he or she will try to adjust. Now a day more than 70% think relationship between boys and girls do not last for longer period of time because of- choice vary from time to time, lack of trust worthiness, more materialism, as well as foreign culture. Nearly 70% do not agree that social status might cause to breakup relationship between a boy and girl. Relationship does not know any barrier and it does not also have any boundary. Actually it depends on the mentality and understanding with each other. 0% response broken relationship have negative impact in his/her future life. After happened this he/she will not be able to concentrate on their education. He/she will be hopeless and frustrated to do anything in their lives. He/she will be addicted to drug so that he/she forgets his/her past events from his or her life. My next question was- How would you likely to feel/act if you ever break-up with someon e whom you truly love? Break-up in life is not an easy thing. It will loose the rhythm of life. One of survey responders said that she cannot think about it. Someone said that he will give thanks for having passed some good time with him. Sometimes suicide attend is taken by boy or girl whenever breakup their relationship to whom they truly love. My last question was- What would you like to recommend preventing break-up as well as its consequences? Before going to involve with any kind of relation, boy or girl needs to understand his or her mentality as well as circumstances. Boy/girl will also try to match with each other social and family status. They would show respect to each others feelings and values. Therefore, Compromising and sacrificing will help to preventing ending up a relationship. So, having done my entire research I have come with my thesis statement which is partially correct. From the survey it is found that break-up does not usually occur for social inequality rather it happens due to mental disagreement for most of the cases. Causes of broken relationship Social causes- Family pressure: In our cultural prospective it is a vital reason for breaking up relationship. Usually when the boy’s or girl’s family know about their relationship, their families usually do not accept it and tell them not to meet each other. And particularly when the girl denies hearing them, she is being tortured by the family members, physically and mentally. Inequality in social status: For breaking up such kind of relation it is a common issue in our country. Sometimes, social status plays a role to end a relationship between a boy and girl. Parents do not permit their boy or girl to make any relation which will loose their prestige in the front of their society. If they fail to maintain their social status, they will be ignored or denied by their relatives, neighbor etc. Western trend: Now a day western trend also an ordinary issue, it is become a mixed cultural trend in our society. In this way boyfriend and girlfriend take such kind of relationship as a time pass job. They try to get benefit within a short time period and after that they switch to another partner. Movies and drama serials: Through movies and drama serials boy/girl basically grapes the how to deal with his/her girlfriend/ boyfriend, they act like that (their dress up, way of talking,), but it does not accept in our customs by the boy/girl. So there is a present of misunderstanding, which leads to end a relation. Religious views: Sometimes religion make a crucial issue of Break Up, when a boy or girl starts getting to know his girlfriend or boyfriend is from different religion or he / she does not have any mandatory religion beliefs, for which he or she does not want to deal with or believe in him/her. In our society, most of the people are Muslim that’s why guardians do not permit as well as our culture is not familiar such kind of relationship. Mental causes- Loss of trust: Each healthy relation is made up of strong trust. We know that healthy relation means relation may include love, sympathy, and respect for each other. Trust is a base for relation. If any one breaks-up this trust then it's very difficult to recover again. Many times girl doesn’t want to introduce her other friends to boyfriend. This kind of event is generally happen with every woman because many times she is scared or she may feel that her boyfriend will leave her only because of that. She is trying to hide the thing and if boyfriend caught then both feel trust is dying from their relation. Misbehavior: It is true that change is the law of nature. However, sudden changes for human beings are sometimes difficult to accept. Even though it is nightmare for a boyfriend or girlfriend to break-up relationship sometimes he or she can see the changes of behavior of his girlfriend or her boyfriend which indicates as symptom of ending relationship. Conflicts: Constructive conflicts are healthy for a relationship. But when a boy or girl has become quarrelsome over insignificant issues, then this is a warning that he or she is looking for a break up. Distance: Some moments of distractions are obvious in a relationship. However, when boy or girl is in a constant state of unavailability, he or she may be setting his or her mind for a break up. Criticism: criticism also takes place in a relationship. Boyfriend or girlfriend may criticize each other as to bring some behavioral changes and strengthen the relationship. But, if he or she becomes less tolerant of almost everything; don’t be surprised, as constant criticism is a telltale sign of a break up. Boredom: A long time continuous relation may lead to bore, because it makes into a routine work with girlfriend/boyfriend like he/she is meeting the same person, visiting the same kind of place, talking about the same topics etc for a long period of time. As a result nothing remains romantic and they find that the spark has gone out on their relationship. Undesirable: Undesirable is a formal reason for break up such kind of relation. Sometime boys expect some illegal act from his girlfriend which girls may refuse to do. Moreover boyfriend wants some study to help her girlfriend like as to do an assignment for her. Sometimes girl expects some special or costly birthday gift which her boyfriend does not fulfill as requirement. Therefore, in the beginning they do not share their hidden disappointment, but lastly when time goes on they start quarrel each other. Interference: People like leave separately even they don't want a change in their routine life. It's a general tendency of all human being. Many times only because of lack of trust of girlfriend/boyfriend always make interfere in his/her each and every matter. For example, it's not good pattern of your shirt? Don’t talk with him. Don't eat that because I don't like it because of all this statements he/she is really get irritate. There are some signs that are related to the mental causes to end a relationship between a boyfriend and girl friend. When- He or she has a feeling of continuous frustration about the relationship. He or she is being physically and mentally abused. He or she is finding more reasons to spend time apart. He or she no longer has strong feelings about his girlfriend or her boyfriend. He or she has changed his or her core values, beliefs and goals to accommodate his or her hopes that will no longer be problematic in his or her relationship. He or she has made drastic changes in his or her appearance to become more attractive others. He or she has a growing feeling of emptiness. He or she has put extreme distance or totally cut off formal close relationships. Jeopardy career (effects of broken relationship): Surviving after breaking-up a relationship is tough. When someone breaks-up relationship with his or her boyfriend/girlfriend, he/she feels like trash and he/she is not in a good mood. All the time he/she becomes inactive in his or her activities. They keep crying all the time and feel that there is no meaning of life. So the immediate effect of the break-up is pain. The pain goes away slowly over a number of years, but the initial impact is high. It is the initial periods during which one has to gather all the energy and tolerate the pain and takes some worse step which is hamper their life and career. The effects are following- Ruin educational career: Most of the time after broken a relationship boy and girl does not want to continue their education. They thought for whom I will continue my study; there is no need to build up my career. My life is end. There is no value of my life. Depression: After boy’s and girl’s break up relation depression is a common effect on which they survive a long time. Depression feels like a black curtain of despair coming down over their lives. Many believe that they are dull and do not deserve anything. Others feel irritable all the time for no apparent reason. Another name of depression is loneliness. Insomnia: Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. In this circumstance all the time he/she thinks about his/her girlfriend/boyfriend and tries to find the reason why his/her girlfriend/boyfriend dump him and so on. Suicidal attend: It is a common type phenomena after breaks-up a relation. Suicide is the act of deliberately taking one's own life. When he or she totally isolated, feel like life is meaning less or does not any benefit to survive without her, they belong on a frustration and thought her love is dead at that time they attend to do such kind of activity. Drug addiction: It is another kind of worse effect, which occurs for the breaking up relation. At that time he/she tries to escape some physical or mental pain by taking drug. Drug addicts don't become addicted with the intention to destroy their lives and to cause upset to those they love. Usually when he/she does not able to cope with some aspect of his/her reality and is introduced to drugs, he/she feels by having perhaps solved the problem itself. Loss of trust in future: Another vital effect is loss of trust. After such kind of relation he/ she do not able to trust any more of another. She/he is used to think all boys/girls are lire. They do all just for time pass, therefore at their future relation they can’t able to trust her husband/his wife. As a result there is no more continuation of smooth relation. Recommendation Overcoming a relationship breakup may be a difficult task. It is one of the hardest things in life. It requires lots of courage and emotional strength. Overcoming a relationship breakup is a skillful way to start his or her life with new hopes. Relationship of a boyfriend and girlfriend may break due to several reasons. It is a stressful and unpleasant situation. Both may feel rejected and frustrated. As his or her loving and caring girlfriend or boyfriend is not with her or him, she or he may feel lonely and helpless. However, keep in mind that it is not the end of happiness in his or her life. There are so many interesting things that a boy or a girl can enjoy after breakup their relationship. Hence, that boy and girl should try to overcome the relationship breakup so that their future career do not hamper and take pleasure of life in a new way. Ways to Overcome a Relationship Breakup: a boy and girl can overcome the grief of a relationship breakup by adopting different ways. Here are some useful tips, which may help him or her to come out of this heart-aching situation. Drain out emotion: Immediately after the breakup, a boy or girl needs to give some time to drain out his or her emotions. During this period, he or she may cry, rave in his or her anger; grieve at the unfair treatment that he or she received from his or her parents. Let all painful emotions drain out of his or her mind. Help him or herself: Don’t frequently recall the pleasant or sad moments from the past. That boy and girl should avoid looking at the mementos of his or her former relationship like photos, letters or gift items. They are supposed to do not blame one another for what had happened and try to find out individual mistakes. That boy and girl should think about improving him or herself, which will be helpful for her or his future relationships. He or she ought to forget about the past and think about future. That boy and girl should keep him or herself busy is the best way to overcome his or her grief. They should engage in their own work or social activities as well as get involved in his or her favorite hobby. Lean on friends: Family members and friends are the backbone to support him or her in his or her toughest times. They can play a positive role in overcoming this stressful situation. That boy or girl can share his or her feelings and problems with them in order to get their support. Enjoy picnics and outings with them. He or she does not often talk about his or her past. As much as possible, he or she should try to avoid the topics that cause his or her stress. Avoid sad triggers: when relationship between a boyfriend and girlfriend is broken up they must try to avoid the things that remind him or her such as songs, movies or restaurants. During the first few days following a breakup, strictly avoid these sad triggers. Change attitude: that boy and girl need to change his or her attitude in order to overcome a relationship breakup. He or she should have positive approach towards his or her life. Don’t get frustrated for being rejected. Don’t take it as a total failure of life. He or she is supposed to try to change his or her lifestyle and take another chance. He or she will try to find the person who can bring positive changes in his or her life. Don’t get frustrated and disappointed due to a relationship breakup. He or she should mind it that it’s not the end of the world. Cheerful and hopeful future is still waiting for him or her. He or she needs to rebuild and recuperate with new hopes by overcoming the relationship breakup (Jirage, 2008). References Berscheid , E . , & Peplau , L . A . (1983) . The emerging science of relationships. In H. H. Kelley, et al. (Eds. ) , Close relationships (pp. -19). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Byrne , D . (1961) . Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62 , 713-715. Retrieved November 18 , 2008 , from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction. Grover , R . L . , Nangle , D . W . , Serwik , A . & Zeff , K . R . (2007) . â€Å"Girl friend, boy friend, girlfriend, boyfriend: Broadening our understanding of heterosocial competence†. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 36(4) , 491–502. Levinger , G . (1983) . Development and change. In H. H. Kelley, et al. (Eds. ) , Close relationship (pp. 315-359). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Markey , P . M . & Markey , C . N . (2007) . Romantic ideals, romantic obtainment, and relationship experiences: The complementarity of interpersonal traits among romantic partners. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 24(4) , 517-533. Retrieved November 18 , 2008 , from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interpersonal_relatioship. Morry , M . M . (2007) . Relationship satisfaction as a predictor of perceived similarity among cross-sex friends: A test of the attraction-similarity model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 24 , 117-138. Retrieved November 18 , 2008 , from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interpersonal_relatioship. Singh , R . , & Ho , S . Y . (2000) . Attitudes and attraction: A new test of the attraction, repulsion and similarity-dissimilarity asymmetry hypotheses. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(2), 197-211. Retrieved November 20 , 2008 , from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction. Tennov , D . (1979) . Love and Limerence: The experience of being in love. New York: Stein and Day.

Origins of World War I Essay

The World War I fought between 1914 and 1918, is considered the largest of any war in human history and ever since, many refer it as the Great War. It was a culmination of activities and competition across European nations. It’s estimated that 14 million people lost their lives on the First World War. The causes of the World War I were complicated which includes; 1. Imperialism- The scramble for Africa and some other parts of Asia for raw materials by European countries led to a competition and this pushed the world into the World War I. 2. Defense alliances-most countries all over Europe had formed defense agreements that if one country was attacked, allied countries would join and fight back. For example when Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia joined to defend Serbia and German started to attack Russia. 3. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand from Hungary and his wife in June 1914 by a Serbian national is considered to be an immediate cause. It took place in Sarajevo, Bosnia and which was part of Hungary. This was followed by protests as Serbia wanted to take control of Bosnia then Hungary declared war on Serbia leading to an expansion of the war trough the mutual defense alliances. It’s not exactly known which country was responsible for the war though Germany is strongly believed to be responsible for the out break of the war. Through the Schlieffen plan German was supposed first to invade France through Belgium then Russia before it had mobilized. Germany was also a major partner in the triple alliance and it’s perceived that Hungary would not have risked war with Serbia without full backing of Germany through the blank check given on 6th, june1914. However, on the other hand the war started first as conflict between Hungary and Serbia after the assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Hungary. In all fairness historians argue that all senior powers were responsible for war. In conclusion, other than trade, peace alliances and coalitions between nations should be formed and promoted to foster peace and understanding. This will prevent t an out break of another war. References Henig Ruth, 2002, The Origins of the First World War, Routledge.

Something to Remember You By

Something to Remember You A lock of hair might be fitting (albeit obsolete, overly sentimental, and just plain weird.) A wallet photo maybe? Awkward. So what could you possibly give an editor or agent at a conference to help them remember you or your project once they shuffle back into their office the following Monday? I’ll tell you: The author one sheet. I recently attended a writer’s conference in which I was scheduled to pitch my new novel. To better my odds, I researched book pitches, and discovered the one sheet – a single-paged marketing document, aka author one sheet or pitch sheet, which describes a person, project, or concept. Brilliant! When one considers how many book pitches an editor or agent has endured, or how many queries and manuscripts they have likely slogged through in their career, the odds of an author or book standing out – being remembered – are not great. Anything you can get into an agent’s hands to take back with them from a conference will help, other than handing them your complete manuscript, of course. You’d never bring a manuscript to a conference, right? Everything you’ve ever read and heard has stated unequivocally not to. (Admit it – you brought it anyway.) Some one sheets are more elaborate, including word count, genre, endorsements, and agent name and contact info – designed more for promoting already-published works. Or you could opt for one more basic, including only information that one would find on a back cover of a novel. I chose the latter, since I was seeking publication. At the very least, your one sheet should include: Book title Logline/hook – One sentence that describes the concept of your book, and gets their attention. (My entire novel was easier to write.) Blurb – Short 3-4 sentence paragraph that describes your book and defines genre/audience. Who is the protagonist, what do they want, what’s in their way, and most of all, what makes your story unique? Think â€Å"back cover.† Author

Timeshare Vacations Example

Timeshare Vacations Example Timeshare Vacations – Coursework Example Call Center Evaluation Call Center Evaluation Call centers provide a centralized place where s and other phone calls are handled. There is a need to monitor the profits and productivity of call center periodically. This will guarantee the company’s success and to achieve it there is a need to put in place control measures that evaluates both the employees and the entire call center (Badin, 1998). Several control measures can be used to determine how efficient and effective an employee is. The first one is phone etiquette. It involves assessment of some factors such as the way customers are greeted, and how the agent speaks to a caller (Badin, 1998). Other control measures are Knowledge and professionalism of the agent. The agent’s knowledge about timeshare vacation services and products is assessed as it is expressed to a customer during a call. Lastly, adherence to procedures measure which involves evaluating how well the agent adheres to companys set procedures when handling a call. According to Badin (1998), the entire call center also needs to be evaluated. The control measures that can be applied in its evaluation include evaluating the call answering time. This involves determining the duration from when a particular call is received up to when it is answered by the agent. The second one is the transfer time that involves evaluating the time taken by an agent to shift a call to another person for it to be completed. Hold time is another evaluation measure. The maximum time callers are kept on hold when looking up for something or consulting to get the answer to the callers issue is determined. Another control measure is the abandon rate (Badin, 1998). It involves counting the number of customers who disconnect or get disconnected before being forwarded to an agent who deals with their calls. Other control measures include call handle time and idle time (Badin, 1998). Evaluation is an important aspect when it comes to assessing the overall performance of the call center. Managers can be able to forecast the success of their operations. This can only be made possible through the application of proper control measures either individually or electronically.ReferencesBadin, M. (1998). Maximizing Call Center Performance. Florida: CRC Press.

Definitions of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)

Definitions of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) The term English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to the teaching, learning, and use of the English language as a common means of communication  (or contact language) for speakers of different native languages.Although most contemporary  linguists  regard English as a lingua franca (ELF) as a valuable means of international communication and a worthwhile object of study, some have challenged the idea that ELF is a distinct variety of English. Prescriptivists  (generally non-linguists) tend to dismiss ELF as  a kind of foreigner talk  or what has been disparagingly called BSEbad simple English.British linguist Jennifer Jenkins points out that ELF is not a new phenomenon. English, she says, has served as a lingua franca in the past, and continues to do so nowadays, in many of the countries that were colonized by the British from the late sixteenth century on (often known collectively as the Outer Circle following Kachru 1985), such as India and Singapore. . . . What is new a bout ELF, however, is the extent of its reach (English as a Lingua Franca in the International University, 2013).    Examples and Observations As well as being usedoften in a very simple formby tourists, ELF is prominent in international politics and diplomacy, international law, business, the media, and in tertiary education and scientific researchwhich Yamuna Kachru and Larry Smith (2008: 3) call ELFs mathetic functionso it is clearly not a reduced lingua franca in the terms original (Frankish) sense. Yet it usually differs from English as a native language (ENL), the language used by NESs [native English speakers]. Spoken ELF contains a huge amount of linguistic variation and non-standard forms (although formal written ELF tends to resemble ENL to a much greater extent).(Ian Mackenzie,  English as a Lingua Franca: Theorizing and Teaching English. Routledge, 2014)ELF in Local and International SettingsEnglish operates as a lingua franca at a number of different levels, including local, national, regional and international. Apparently paradoxically, the more localised the use of English as a lingua franca, the more varia tion it is likely to display. This can be explained by reference . . . to the identitycommunication continuum. When used in a local setting, ELF will display identity markers. Thus code-switching and the explicit [use] of nativised norms can be expected. When used for international communication, on the other hand, speakers will consciously avoid the use of local and nativised norms and expressions.(Andy Kirkpatrick,  World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Is ELF a Variety of English?Whether ELF should be called a variety of English at all is an open question, and one which cannot be answered as long as we do not have any good descriptions of it. It is well known that divisions between languages are arbitrary, and therefore those between varieties of a language have to be as well. Once descriptions are available of how speakers from different linguacultural backgrounds use ELF, this will make it possible to consider whether it would make sense to think of English as it is spoken by its non-native speakers as falling into different varieties, just as is the English spoken by its native speakers. . . . It is likely that ELF, like any other natural language, will turn out to vary, and to change over time. It does not make much sense, therefore, to talk about a monolithic variety as such: a variety can be treated as if it were a monolith, but this is a convenient fiction, for the process of variation itself never stops.(Barbara Seidlhofer, English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle: What It Isnt.  English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles, ed. by  Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni.  Continuum, 2006) Two ApproachesSeeing as the movement to bring forth the conceptualization of English as a lingua franca is gaining momentum worldwide, and more specifically for Europe, it is imperative that an analysis is made of the implications of the two differing approaches . . .. One is the (traditional) idea that English is a lingua franca for a non-native speaker constituency which should pursue knowledge of the language as if it were a foreign language. The other, upheld by those who have bought into the world Englishes paradigm, is to see English as a lingua franca for interlocutors who use it with others in multicultural settings (and thus see English in its diversity as opposed to viewing English as a prescriptive entity defined by idealized inner-circle speakers). It should be made clear, moreover, that my own position here is that a lingua franca must be inclusive as opposed to exclusive. That is to say, it is imperative that our understanding of how English is used in Europe is integra ted with a vision of a communicatively viable use of the language internationally.(Marko Modiano, EIL, Native-Speakerism and the Failure of European ELT.  English as an International Language: Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues, ed. by  Farzad Sharifian. Multilingual Matters, 2009)

Case3 599 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case3 599 - Coursework Example It was acquired by John Mackey, a college dropout who started with a Texas natural foods store called ‘Safeway.’ He expanded vigorously and by 1999 had 100 stores. Whole Foods is also listed on NASDAQ, currently as WFM. (Market, 2013) Porter’s Competitive Strategies A well positioned firm can function better even if its outer profitability doesn’t seem to be high compared to other companies. Within an industry, different companies position themselves, according to Michael Porter on different strategies based on their target scope and the advantage they have over other companies. Michael Porter has identified four strategies in this regard: cost leadership strategy which focuses on a broader market segment and low cost strategy to drive out competitors. Secondly, there is the differentiation strategy which also caters industry wise and has the advantage of producing unique products. There are also tow focused strategies which are basically subsections of the two aforementioned strategies; focused cost leadership that caters to a narrower target segment but competes on the basis of price, and focused differentiation strategy which differentiates and is unique yet caters to a narrow market segment. ... d sells them to wholesalers with a promise that they will sell them at a premium price and this is how it has differentiated itself in the minds of consumers. Whole Sales Market has managed to carry on with such a strategy because of the facilities and the skilled expertise to handle and manage differentiation in a broad target market. The firm needs adequate sources and new plants were opened up to cater to the needs of expansion as well. Since these are fast moving goods mostly that WMO produces, the shareholder value model wouldn’t apply as much as the unlimited resource model; that WMO needs to invest and manage risk and uniqueness in order to sustain its position in the marketplace for a long time. However, WMO may also be pursuing a cost leadership strategy which is why it has expanded in less affluent areas as well. Research shows that compared to other organic stores, WMO sells products at a cheaper price. And this is seen in the prices as well as the process of qualit y assurance. Food has to comply with the high quality standards that WMO has to maintain according to its policies; quality comes first. There are 270 stores, and they have their own farmers who also place utmost importance on quality rather than on negotiations over price that compromise quality. Many products of WMO are cheaper than the products at Safeway. They also focus on the ‘Whole Deal’ by either keeping the prices the same and adding value or cutting prices whenever possible without compromising on quality. (Porter, 1998) Congruence The Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model is a theory which aligns the inputs, throughputs and outputs of a system and it functions on the basis of certain assumptions: Organizations are part of a larger environment and social system There are three levels in

Multi-Agency Working and Career Development in the Human Services Essay

Multi-Agency Working and Career Development in the Human Services - Essay Example Employees’ roles in organizations dealing with the above differ significantly. However, all that is required for employees is to assist individuals and communities faced with the above challenges function in the best way possible. In a human service organization that deals with the bettering of the lives of street children and orphans such as St. Michael’s orphanage, a social worker is expected to have the ability to evaluate the different challenges that face the patients in question. He should also show patience, understanding and, care when dealing with children since they all require specific attention since their backgrounds vary, and thus, is their problems. An employee in such an organization should have the ability to identify, analyze and select interventions that are appropriate in helping the organization attain its goals and also help the patients in finding a solution to their problems. This may include social assistance, guiding and counseling as well as encouragement. It requires an understanding of the organization values and goals, ethics of the human service and also the approval of the patients’ lifestyle (Renee, 2012, 4). The worker should be in a position to come up with an action plan, for an identified problem and also implement it. This, therefore, calls for the ability and knowledge to analyze problems, decisions and design work plans (Renee, 2012, p.4). The social worker should show high accountability and coordination abilities with other agencies and professionals in the delivering of services. Excellent communication and interpersonal skills is another quality that the social worker should not lack. The job calls for self discipline, timely management and self motivation to be able to carry out his/her role effectively and efficiently. Should also be ready to attend court hearings, thus knowledge on human rights and law is an added advantage (Renee, 2012, p.4). Nonetheless, the worker is

Why the operational level labour motivation is low in SkillsFootwear Dissertation

Why the operational level labour motivation is low in SkillsFootwear - Dissertation Example Moreover, according to Lloyd (2005, pp.929 – 943) the firm’s competitive advantage was its skilled labor and workmanship as the products were fully handmade. The organization had a total of 110 employees who reported to their middle level managers who reported to the entrepreneur thus having a comparatively flat organizational hierarchy. The operational level workers were on daily wages, which were the industry average rates. The management however received monthly wages. The Sri Lankan shoe industry has a total of 30 medium scaled and 3000 small-scaled manufacturers. The industry produces a wide range of shoes from canvas, sports and leather shoes and is also exporting finished products to EU and USA. As per a research done by the Development of Board Sri Lanka, the shoe industry witnessed a decline from 2007 onwards but the 2010 witnessed a surge in the export market due to the growth in the local tourist sector. However, the workforce in the industry is n issue. This is because the skill is making shoes completely by hand. But this is a difficult task and most firms have not incorporated technology into the process of production, which is not very lucrative for the workmen. According to Lloyd (2005, pp.929 – 943), this is because their production level is low and the firm cannot deliver larger orders and often cannot meet deadlines. Thus the craftsmen are not given enough bonuses and motivations. This in turn has caused the workers to drift away from the skill and the skill is not being handed over to their children. Moreover, the basic pay scale, recognition in society and the living standards of these workmen are not high which is yet again a de-motivating factor. The skill of these workers is safeguarded neither by the industry people nor by the government and this is a threat to the industry. Adding to this, there is not enough training and technology in the footwear industry especially in the SME sector. 2.2 Motivation The motivatio n level of the workers in the footwear industry of Sri Lanka is generally low. This is because the government and the industry have not given it enough importance, as they do not realize the power of labor. There is underproduction in the industry and it is primarily due to the fact that the labor are not working at full capacity nor are they receiving state of the art training in technological advancements. According to Lloyd (2005, pp.929 – 943), motivation is the essence and the core of management and is an effective tool to make the labor force perform more meaningfully. Motivation is important to produce the drive in a labor to give his 100% when he is working. Without motivation, a worker with the potential to produce 100% may not be able to do so as he doesn’t have the drive to do so. According to Hofstede (2005),

Data Mining for E-Commerce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Data Mining for E-Commerce - Research Paper Example The basic purpose of this research is to analyze the use of data mining for e-commerce. This paper will also outline the main areas of implementation, techniques, and potential advantages obtained through this technology. Introduction Data mining is a detailed process which allows the extraction of hidden, formerly unidentified, and actually functional knowledge and information from a huge collection of data. The majority of researchers have defined â€Å"data mining as the process of getting useful and reliable information and patterns from huge data sets by making use of latest tools and algorithms based on the theories and models borrowed from various other domains such as machine learning, management systems, statistics, and database.† The basic purpose of extracting these hidden facts is to facilitate business executives and top management in planning and managing the business strategies and plans for the future. The use of data mining tools and techniques provides a larg e number of benefits and opportunities for business organizations. For instance, data mining tools and techniques allow the business organizations to carry out a deep examination of the customer and business associated data and information, which facilitate business firms to make critical strategic decisions. Additionally, data mining applications can be accessed through a graphical user interface (GUI) which helps business managers to take a deep insight into the collected customer data. In the past few years, there have emerged a large number of powerful data mining algorithms and techniques to help business managers analyze large customer data sets which are the need of the majority of the business firms for the reason that the survival of their business heavily relies on these data and information (Ranjan & Bhatnagar, 2009). Moreover, the data mining offers these decision-making capabilities by making use of a wide variety of methods such as classification, clustering, predictio n, genetic algorithms, association and neural network. In this scenario, classification refers to the process of determining the significant attributes and features of customers’ data which are on the point of churn as well as it also helps to identify the customers. In the same way, some clustering techniques such as K-mean algorithms are used to develop segments of this collected data. Additionally, these data are divided into segments on the basis of their features and attributes. In this scenario, the data with same properties are placed in the same set. Hence, this information can be used by a business organization to determine the potential customers of the firm. There is another useful data mining technique known as a prediction technique used to plan the business strategies for the future.  

Opinion on economic issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opinion on economic issue - Essay Example In this context, in order to identify the potential causes of the rising rental inflation in the US, the study has relied on varied academic articles and business reports. In accordance with the viewpoint of Madigan, the average rent of the apartments had increased to 3.1% in the US market during the last year in comparison to the year 2012 (Madigan, â€Å"Why Rising Rents Haven’t Pumped Up Inflation†). On the other hand, Keely, Ark, Levanon, and Burbank, arguably claimed that the cost of housing property is decreasing in the US market in the recent days. In this regard, Keely, Ark, Levanon, and Burbank argued that the buying demand of the housing property has been dramatically reduced during the last few years in the US. Contextually, several economists have believed that rising price of food and energy has influenced the demand of real-estate in a negative manner (1-49). On the other hand, Madigan claimed that rising prices of medical services, education and communication services have indirectly affected the demand of the real-estate in the US marketplace (Madigan, â€Å"Why Rising Rents Haven’t Pumped Up Inflation†). Ho wever, Keely, Ark, Levanon, and Burbank arguably claimed that the rental demand on the US market has dramatically increased in the last few years (1-49). In this regard, it can be asserted that financial crisis and high rate of interest as well as the mortgage burden has affected the demand of the household buyers. On the contrary, it has influenced the tendency of renting residential, which has caused high inflation in the domestic market place (Madigan, â€Å"Why Rising Rents Haven’t Pumped Up Inflation†; Keely, Ark, Levanon, and Burbank 1-49). Based on the above discussion, it has been recognized that the cost of real-estate property has reduced in the US market due to high rate of interest. At the same time, it has been also recognized that 38.2% of the US population are associated with mortgage household property, which signify that the

Data Mining for E-Commerce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Data Mining for E-Commerce - Research Paper Example The basic purpose of this research is to analyze the use of data mining for e-commerce. This paper will also outline the main areas of implementation, techniques, and potential advantages obtained through this technology. Introduction Data mining is a detailed process which allows the extraction of hidden, formerly unidentified, and actually functional knowledge and information from a huge collection of data. The majority of researchers have defined â€Å"data mining as the process of getting useful and reliable information and patterns from huge data sets by making use of latest tools and algorithms based on the theories and models borrowed from various other domains such as machine learning, management systems, statistics, and database.† The basic purpose of extracting these hidden facts is to facilitate business executives and top management in planning and managing the business strategies and plans for the future. The use of data mining tools and techniques provides a larg e number of benefits and opportunities for business organizations. For instance, data mining tools and techniques allow the business organizations to carry out a deep examination of the customer and business associated data and information, which facilitate business firms to make critical strategic decisions. Additionally, data mining applications can be accessed through a graphical user interface (GUI) which helps business managers to take a deep insight into the collected customer data. In the past few years, there have emerged a large number of powerful data mining algorithms and techniques to help business managers analyze large customer data sets which are the need of the majority of the business firms for the reason that the survival of their business heavily relies on these data and information (Ranjan & Bhatnagar, 2009). Moreover, the data mining offers these decision-making capabilities by making use of a wide variety of methods such as classification, clustering, predictio n, genetic algorithms, association and neural network. In this scenario, classification refers to the process of determining the significant attributes and features of customers’ data which are on the point of churn as well as it also helps to identify the customers. In the same way, some clustering techniques such as K-mean algorithms are used to develop segments of this collected data. Additionally, these data are divided into segments on the basis of their features and attributes. In this scenario, the data with same properties are placed in the same set. Hence, this information can be used by a business organization to determine the potential customers of the firm. There is another useful data mining technique known as a prediction technique used to plan the business strategies for the future.  

Read the Ford Case Study and answer the 3 questions assigned Essay

Read the Ford Case Study and answer the 3 questions assigned - Essay Example This cash position seemed much more considerable when compared to the company’s $57 billion market capitalization in the year 2000. This cash accumulation seemed humongous and it needed proper allocation of this cash reserve to make sure that the company progresses smoothly and steadily in future. The cash position was almost half of the market capitalization i.e. the market value of the company at that time. The company’s directors decided to use the Value Enhancement Plan to distribute the cash amongst its shareholders. The alternatives for cash distribution would have been: Investing those funds into other profitable investments/ventures. Capital Expenditure i.e. by buying any machinery/equipment that can be used within the business for a long period of time. The Value Enhancement Plan (VEP) was designed to distribute cash amongst the shareholders of the company. Under the VEP, the existing shareholders would exchange their common or Class B share type one-for-one fo r a new share of the same type. Besides that, the shareholders had the right to receive $20 cash or $20 cash equivalent shares based upon the market value of the shares as on July 2000. The aim of the VEP was to ensure better flexibility, liquidity and alignment for its shareholders.

Peace Essay Example for Free

Peace Essay Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violence, conflict behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all. Etymology [edit] From the Latin pax, meaning freedom from civil disorder, the English word came into use in various personal greetings from c. 300 as a translation of the Hebrew shalom. Such a translation is, however, imprecise, as shalom, which is also cognate with the Arabic salaam, has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness. [citation needed] At a personal level, peaceful behaviors are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others beliefs and behaviors — tending to manifest goodwill. This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individuals introspective sense or concept of her/himself, as in being at peace in ones own mind, as found in European references from c. 1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of quiet, reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that avoid quarreling and seek tranquility — an absence of disturbance or agitation. In many languages the word for peace is also used a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word Aloha, as well as the Arabic word salaam. In English the word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrase Rest In Peace. Buddhists believe that peace can be attained once all suffering ends. They regard all suffering as stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), or delusions. To eliminate such suffering and achieve ersonal peace, followers in the path of the Buddha adhere to a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths — a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. Islam means submission. Muslim, etymologically directly related to salaam and the name Islam, means a person who submits to Allah in salaam. [citation needed] Submission to Allah is based on humility. An attitude of humility within ones own self cannot be accomplished without total rejection of violence, and a personal attitude and alignment toward pe ace.

Drug Target for Pathogenic Amoebae

Drug Target for Pathogenic Amoebae Horizontal Gene Transfer of a Chlamydial tRNA-Guanine Transglycosylase Gene to Specific Algal and Protozoan Lineages: A Putative Drug Target for Pathogenic Amoebae Abstract: tRNA-guanine transglycosylases are found in all domains of life and mediate the base exchange of guanine with queuine in the anticodon loop of specific tRNAs. They are also known to regulate virulence in bacteria such as Shigella flexneri, which has prompted the development of drugs that inhibit the function of these enzymes. Here we report a group of tRNA-guanine transglycosylases in eukaryotes (algae and protozoa) which are more similar to their bacterial counterparts than previously characterized eukaryotic tRNA-guanine transglycosylases. In silico analysis of these bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylasesrevealed thatthe majority are predicted to be targeted to mitochondria, although some are likely to localize to chloroplasts, the secretory pathway or the cytosol. We provide evidence demonstrating that the gene encoding theseenzymes was acquired by these eukaryotic lineages via horizontal gene transfer which from the Chlamydiae. Given that the S. flexneri tRNA-guanine trans glycosylase can be targeted by drugs, we propose that the bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylases could potentiallybe targeted in a similar fashion in pathogenic amoebae that possess these enzymes such as Acanthamoeba castellanii. Keywords: mitochondria, tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase, horizontal gene transfer, tRNA, queuosine, Chlamydiae Abbreviations: TGTase: tRNA-guanine transglycosylase E-TGTase: Eukaryotic tRNA-guanine transglycosylase B-TGTase: Bacterial tRNA-guanine transglycosylase BL-TGTase: Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylase HGT: Horizontal gene transfer Introduction Base modification of tRNAshas been implicated in tRNA structure, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase interaction andinfluencing codon-anticodon basepairing[1]. The function of the modification will depend on itstype and the position of the modified base. For example, most bases that are modified within the anticodon loop (positions 34-36) of tRNAsare important for accurate translation by facilitating interactions with their cognate codons in mRNAs [1]. One such modification that influences codon-anticodon basepairingis the incorporation of queuine within the anticodon loop. Queuosine is a modified guanosine analogue found in tRNAs from all three domains of life.Despite its wide phylogenetic distribution, queuosine is only found in a select group of tRNAs (tRNAHis, tRNAAsp, tRNATyr and tRNAAsn) [2].Reduced incorporation of queuosine in these tRNAs alters their codon recognition ability and has been linked to various cancers [3,4]. tRNA-guanine transglycosylases Queuosine modification of tRNA is mediated by tRNA-guanine transglycosylases (TGTases)(also known as queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferases). TGTases catalyze this modification via base exchange where the guanine at position 34 of the tRNA is post-transcriptionally removed and substituted with queuine or a queuine precursor [5].Eukaryotes are not capable of de novo queuine synthesis but acquire it through diet or their gastrointestinal microbiota [6].After its acquisition, the eukaryotic TGTase (E-TGTase) mediates the replacement of guanine with queuine in the anticodon loop. In contrast, queuosine modification of bacterial tRNA is more complex. Prokaryotesuse GTP-cyclohydrolase-like enzymes tosynthesizea queuine precursor(e.g. preQ1) from GTP. The bacterial TGTase (B-TGTase) then mediates the base exchange with guanine to incorporate preQ1, unlike E-TGTases that use queuine itself as the substrate.This incorporatedpreQ1 is then modified by S-adenosylmethionine tRNA ribosyltransferase to e poxyQ, which is further modified to form queuosine [6].In addition to tRNA modification, B-TGTasesplay a role in regulating the expression of bacterial genes.TGTase mutants (vacC) in the bacterium Shigella flexneri exhibit reduced expression of the virG and ipaBCDgenes, which encode virulence factors that facilitate the spread and invasion of the pathogen [7]. This is a result ofthe VacCTGTase beingrequired to modify a single base in virF mRNA, which encodes the transcriptional activator ofvirG and ipaBCD[8].Thus, B-TGTases can modify substrates otherthan tRNA and are important mediators of bacterial virulence. As a result, B-TGTases have served as a targetfor the development of drugs that interfere with their function [9].Here we report a new group of TGTases in eukaryotes that display significantly greater similarity to B-TGTases than E-TGTases. We hereby refer to these proteins as bacterial-like TGTases (BL-TGTases).In silico analysis identified 25 BL-TGTases in distinct protozoa n and algal lineages and the reason for their similarity to B-TGTases is explored in this article. Variation in the subcellular localization of bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylases To investigate the putative subcellular localization of BL-TGTases, three bioinformatic programs were utilized: Mitoprot [10], Predotar [11] and Target P [12]. The putativelocalizationfor each BL-TGTase was supportedby predictions from at least two of the three programs.Most BL-TGTases possess N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signals (Table 1), suggesting a role in modification of mitochondrial tRNAs.Interestingly, the BL-TGTases from Ostreococcus lucimarinus and Chondrus crispus were predicted to localize to mitochondria with one program (Predotar) but to the plastid with another (Target P). While it is possible that these two proteins may localize to both organelles, further experimentation is required to elucidate their subcellular locations. The BL-TGTase from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was predicted to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the secretory pathway, indicating it maymodify other substrates in this organelle. Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylase genes originated from a Chlamydial gene acquired via horizontal gene transfer While the localization of BL-TGTases varied, all 25 of the proteins exhibited higher levels of amino acid similarity to B-TGTases despite their existence in eukaryotes. A Bayesian analysis of phylogeny using MrBayes [13] withBL-TGTases,B-TGTases and E-TGTasesconfirmedthis similarity(Figure 1).The BL-TGTases were most similar to TGTases from members of the Chlamydiae.In fact, the Chlamydial TGTases were more similar to BL-TGTases than other B-TGTases. Given that Chlamydiaeare bacteria, the topology of the tree in the present study is incongruent with the universal tree of life. Instead, this topology is consistent with a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. That is, the genes encoding BL-TGTases originated from a Chlamydial TGTase-encoding gene that was acquired via prokaryote-to-eukaryote HGT. In addition to the strong statistical support for the BL-TGTase-Chlamydial TGTase sister group, there are several other factors that support this notion. The Chlamydiaeare known to be major contributors of genes to several eukaryotic genomes via HGT [14,15]. This includes genes encoding tRNA modification enzymes such as the Chlamydial tRNA guanine methyltransferases found in protozoa, diatoms and algae[16,17] and Chlamydial tRNA genes in vascular plants [18].Similarly to the present study, sister groups were observed between the Chlamydial and the horizontally acquired eukaryotic genes in these cases. Lastly, the majority of eukaryotic lineages in which we identified BL-TGTases have previouslybeen reported to possess HGT-derived genes acquired from the Chlamydiae[16,19]. Thus, the notion that BL-TGTases resulted from the acquisition of a B-TGTase from the Chlamydiaevia HGT in eukaryotes is highlyplausible. Indirect acquisition of a Chlamydial tRNA-guanine transglycosylase in protozoa via anon-Chlamydialbacterial intermediate Interestingly, a B-TGTase sequence from the ÃŽ ´-proteobacterium ‘Candidatus Babela massiliensis’clustered with the BL-TGTases of protistsrather than the B-TGTases (Figure 1). Although the protozoan BL-TGTases displayed similarity to Chlamydial B-TGTases, the possibility of a HGT event from ‘Ca. B. massiliensis’to protistswas present. SinceChlamydiae and ÃŽ ´-proteobacteria are not closely related, the phylogeny of their B-TGTases was investigated. Interestingly, the ‘Ca. B. massiliensis’TGTase clustered with the Chlamydial TGTase clade rather than other ÃŽ ´-proteobacterial (Pelobacter, Geobacter, Myxococcus, Desulfobulbus) B-TGTases (Figure 2). ‘Ca.B. massiliensis’and members of the Chlamydiae are found as obligate intracellular symbionts of protists such as Acanthamoeba, Dictyosteliumand Naegleria [20,21]. The presence of both of these bacteria within the one eukaryotic cell would provide the ideal conditions for HGT between them. Therefore, it is likely that at least two independent HGT events have occurred:1) The Chlamydiae donated a TGTase-encoding gene to an ancestral ‘Ca.B. massiliensis’species; and 2) ‘Ca.B. massiliensis’then donated this gene to theAmoebozoa and Heterolobosea.How the BL-TGTase genes were acquired in the algal lineagesremains to be elucidated, but may have occurred via additional HGT events (either prokaryote-to-eukaryote or eukaryote-to-eukaryote). Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylases as drug targets for pathogenic amoebae In addition to their role in queuosine modification of tRNAs, TGTases are important for S. flexneri virulence [7,8].As a result, studies have focused on the development of TGTase inhibitors that specifically target the S. flexneri B-TGTase to treat shigellosis,while the E-TGTases of the human host remain unaffected. Some of these inhibitors,such as lin-benzoguanine,function by occupying the binding site for preQ1[22,23].While most eukaryotic species that possess BL-TGTases are non-pathogenic, we identified a BL-TGTase in Acanthamoeba castellanii, the causative agent of amoebic keratitis and encephalitis.Naegleria gruberi, whichalso has a BL-TGTase, is non-pathogenic, but is closely related to Naegleria fowleri, the etiologic agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, which may possess an unidentified BL-TGTase. Given the development of B-TGTase inhibitors has already been achieved, the BL-TGTasesin pathogenic eukaryotes could also potentially be targeted with the same drugs. Alter natively, new inhibitors could be developed following resolution of the BL-TGTase crystal structure. To confirm BL-TGTases as a putative drug target future research should attempt to characterize these proteins and determine if they have retained their prokaryotic functions and mechanism of action. Concluding remarks In this report, we have described a group of TGTases in algae and protozoa (BL-TGTases). Theseproteins are predicted to localize to various subcellular locations including mitochondria, chloroplasts, the ER and the cytosol, depending on the organism. Lastly, we showed that via multiple HGT events, BL-TGTases were originallyfrom bacteria of the Chlamydiae lineage. The bacterial origin of these proteins could be exploited in the development of drugs similar to those synthesized for the S. flexneri B-TGTase. Research into the identification and synthesis of BL-TGTase inhibitors may provide a novel treatment for infectious diseases which are caused by pathogenic amoebae that possess these proteins.

Hippocrates’ Role in the Shift From Irrational to Rational Medicine in

Although populations in ancient societies suffered attacks, invasions, starvation, and persecution, there was a more efficient killer that exterminated countless people. The most dreaded killers in the ancient world were disease, infections and epidemics. In many major wars the main peril was not gunfire, nor assault, but the easily communicable diseases that rapidly wiped out whole divisions of closely quartered soldiers. Until the time of Hippocrates, in the struggle between life and death, it was, more often than not, death that prevailed when a malady was involved. In the modern world, although illness is still a concern, advances in thought and technique have led to the highest birth rates in recorded history. No longer is a fever a cause for distress; a quick trip to the store and a few days of rest is the current cure. An infection considered easily treatable today could have meant disablement, even death to an ancient Greek citizen. In modern medicine when an ailment arises it can be quickly diagnosed, attributed to a precise bacteria, virus, or body system, and treated with medication, surgery or therapy. During the time before rational medical thought, this streamlined system of treatment was unheard of, and all complaints were attributed to the will of the multitude of commonly worshiped Greek gods (Greek Medicine 1). It was during the period of Greek rationalism that a perceptible change in thought was manifested in the attitudes towards treating disease. Ancient Greece is often associated with its many brilliant philosophers, and these great thinkers were some of the first innovators to make major developments in astrology, physics, math and even medicine. Among these academics was Hippocrates, one of the first e... ...ill Cornell Medical College. 2005. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. . Sources consulted: "Greek Medicine - Asclepius." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 02 July 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. . Hippocrates. On Regimen in Acute Diseases. Trans. Adams, Francis. Ca 400 BC. MS. The Internet Classics Archive: 441 Searchable Works of Classical Literature. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. . Hippocrates. On Airs, Waters, and Places. Trans. Adams, Francis. Ca 400 BC. MS. The Internet Classics Archive: 441 Searchable Works of Classical Literature. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. .

Reporn on Marketing Statigy

Introduction Unilever is a multi-national corporation, formed of Anglo-Dutch parentage that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever employs nearly 180,000 people and had worldwide revenue of almost â‚ ¬40 billion in 2005. Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of UnileverNV in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, England. This arrangement is similar to that of Reed Elsevier and that of Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structure. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business.The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Patrick Cescau is Group Chief Executive, who will retire at the end of 2008. Mr Paul Polman will succeed Patrick Cescau as Group Chief Executive. The company is widely listed on the world’s stock exchanges. 1. 2 Origin of report Since practical orientation is an integral part of the BBA program, I tried to expose real life performance of Uniliver by preparing this   report. To prepare this report I have come across with different information of the Uniliver.From the collected information I understand the company’s activities in the market as Uniliverll as in their internal preparation for marketing and others activities. I expect that this report will fulfill the requirement of BBA program and provide a clear idea about the Uniliver activities and other multi-national company’s effort in the Bangladesh. Thus, Uniliver can get deep understand of actual situation of MN’s company’s activities by analyzing their exposed strategy . 1. 3 Objective This Study is intended to analyze marketing strategies used by Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe.The main purpose of the study is to find what strategies the company uses to market its products and brands worldwide; the positive and negative aspects of those strategie s. The report further analyzes the position of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe in the several industries in comparison to its competitors. Specific objective: To know about Uniliver and Uniliver   Bangladesh. To   develop SOWT analysis of   Uniliver Bangladesh. To know about Uniliver’s strategy regarding   product, price,place and promotion. To identify the segmentation,targeting   and positioning strategy used by Uniliver Bangladesh.To develop some recoendation for further improvement in Marketing strategy of Uniliver Bangladesh. 1. 6 Methodology of this report For accessibility and availability of information I have chosen to work on the Marketing strategies of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe. As the company operates in the market with a huge number of products in different industries, I have decided to focus on one of their world wide successful strategy on providing data. Most of the information used in this report is from secondary sources. The main source of information was the Uniliver’s website.In addition information will be collected from focus group discussion,depth interview and survey. Primary Sources: Face to face conversation with the Uniliver’s   people Customer opinion collection   through survey. Collection of data related with Customer satisfaction through   survey. Miscellaneous   Book Reading. Secondary Sources: Annual Reports of Uniliver Various types of Website Different research report. Different Newspapers, Articles, Journals and Publication. Sample Size: I have collected data from 5 upper level employee through depth interview and 100 Customer for survey.Sampling Technique: In case of survey simple random sampling was used . In case of   depth interview snowball sampling was used. Data analysis: I used   Microsoft excel   to analyze the collected data and get the proper meaning. I   used also graph,picture   to show and analyze the data. For accessibility and availability of informa tion I have chosen to work on the strategies of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd and globe. As the company operates in the market with a huge number of products in different industries, I have decided to focus on one of their world wide successful strategy on providing data.Most of the information used in this report is from secondary sitces. The main sitsce of information was the Uniliverbsite. In addition information was also collected from focus group discussion. 1. 4 Limitation To conduct this study sheer experiences are needed. But I have lack of those. As like- The Data was not   available   about company. Without practical work experience it was difficult to do work. Confidential information are not exposed   in Bangladesh. It was difficult to gather sufficient information due to limitation of time.It was also difficult to obtain proper information from respondents because of their busy schedule. Lack of   Money After all within time limited it is not possible learn and unders tand all the activities of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MN’s company like Uniliver. Chapter-02 Overview of Uniliver Unilever at a glance Unilever NV Unilever PLC| | Type| Public company (AMS: UNA) (LSE:  ULVR) (NYSE:  UN) (Unilever N. V. ) (NYSE:  UL) (Unilever PLC)| Industry| Conglomerate| Founded| 1930| Headquarters| Unilever House, London, United KingdomRotterdam, Netherlands| Area served| Worldwide| Key people| Michael Treschow Chairman) Lord Simon of Highbury (Vice Chairman) Paul Polman (CEO)| Products| See brands listing| Revenue| â‚ ¬44,262  million (2010)| Operating income| â‚ ¬6,339  million (2010)| Net income| â‚ ¬4,598  million (2010)| Employees| 163,000 (2010)| Uniliverbsite| http://unilever. com| 2. 1 History & Growth Unilever is a British-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever is a dual-listed company con sisting of Unilever N. V. in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom.This arrangement is similar to those of Reed Elsevier and Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structures. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive. Unilever’s main international competitors include Nestle and Procter & Gamble. They also face competition in local markets or product ranges from companies such as Beiersdorf, ConAgra, Danone, General Mills, Henkel, Mars, Inc. Pepsico, Reckitt Benckiser and S. C. Johnson & Son. History Unilever was founded on 1 January 1930 by Antonius Johannes Jurgens, Samuel van den Bergh and William Hulme Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme. The amalgamation of the operations of British soap maker Lever Brothers ,William Hulme Lever and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie, Anton Jurgens en Samuel van den Bergh, a merger as palm oil was a major raw material for both margarines and soaps and could be imported more efficiently in larger quantities.The initial harvesting of palm oil was from the British Uniliverst Africa, from where news reports seen back in England shoUniliverd the workers abroad in favorable conditions. In 1911 the company received a concession for 750,000 hectares of forest in Belgian Congo, mostly south of Bandundu, where a system of forced labor operated. The subsidiary of Lever was named â€Å"Huileries du Congo Belge†. During the great depression in the thirties, the Huileries sharply decreased the fee for gathered oil nuts, while the government of Belgian Congo strongly increased taxation.This resulted in social unrest in 1931, which are known as the Revolution of the Pende, in which eventually more than 400 members of the Pende-tribe were killed. In the 1930s the Unilever business grew and new ventures were launched in Afr ica and Latin America. In 1972 Unilever purchased A&W Restaurants’ Canadian division but sold its shares through a management buyout to former A&W Food Services of Canada CEO Jefferson J. Mooney in July 1996. By 1980 soap and edible fats contributed just 40% of profits, compared with an original 90%. In 1984 the company bought the brand Brooke Bond (maker of PG Tips tea).In 1987 Unilever strengthened its position in the world skin care market by acquiring Chesebrough-Ponds, the maker of Ragu, Pond’s, Aqua-Net, Cutex Nail Polish, and Vaseline. In 1989 Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, Faberge, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter was later sold (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances. In 1996 Unilever purchased Helene Curtis Industries, giving the company â€Å"a powerful new presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market†. The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand. Global employment at Unilever 2 000–2008Black represents employment numbers in Europe, light grey represents the Americas and dark grey represents Asia, Africa, and Middle East. Between 2000 and 2008 Unilever reduced global workforce numbers by 41%, from 295,000 to 174,000. Note: Europe figures for 2000–2003 are all Europe; from 2004 figures in black are Western Europe. For 2004–2008 Figures for Asia, Africa and Middle East include Eastern and Central Europe. Source: Unilever Annual Reports 2004, 2008 In 2000 the company absorbed the American business Best Foods, strengthening its presence in North America and extending its portfolio of foods brands.In April 2000 it bought both Ben & Jerry’s and Slim Fast. The company is multinational with operating companies and factories on every continent (except Antarctica) and research laboratories at Colworth and Port Sunlight in England; Vlaardingen in the Netherlands; Trumbull, Connecticut, and Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in the United States; Bangalore in India (see also Hindustan Unilever Limited); and Shanghai in China. The US division carried the Lever Brothers name until the 1990s, when it adopted that of the parent company.The American unit has headquarters in New Jersey, and no longer maintains a presence at Lever House, the iconic skyscraper on Park Avenue in New York City. The company is said to promote sustainability and started a sustainable agriculture programme in 1998. In May 2007 it became the first tea company to commit to sitscing all its tea in a sustainable manner, employing the Rainforest Alliance, an international environmental NGO, to certify its tea estates in East Africa, as will as third-party suppliers in Africa and other parts of the world.It declared its aim to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010, followed by all Lipton tea bags globally by 2015. Unilever’s Lipton brand Covalence, an ethical reputation ranking agency, placed Unilever at the top of its ranking based on positive versus negative news coverage for 2007. In 2007, Unilever’s Dove â€Å"Evolution† video that ran only online, was named the first ever non-tv spot to win the Grand Lion at the Cannes Advertising Festival. And in March, 2008, Unilever was named â€Å"Digital Marketer of the Year† by Advertising Age.In 2008 Unilever was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for â€Å"Outstanding Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for Creation and Distribution of Interactive Commercial Advertising Delivered Through Digital Set Top Boxes† for its program Axe: Boost Yits ESP. On 25 September 2009, Unilever decided to acquire the personal care business of Sara Lee Corporation: leading brands such as Radox, Badedas and Duschdas strengthened category leadership in Skin Cleansing and Deodorants.On 9 August 2010, Unilever signed an asset purchase agreement with the Norwegian dairy group TINE, to acquire th e activities of Diplom-Is in Denmark, as of 30 September 2010. On 24 September 2010, Unilever announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its consumer tomato products business in Brazil to Cargill. On 27 September 2010, Unilever purchased Alberto-Culver, the maker of personal care and household products such as Simple, VO5, Nexxus, TRESemme, and Mrs. Dash for $US3. 7  billion.On 28 September 2010, Unilever and EVGA announced that they have signed an agreement under which Unilever will acquire EVGA’s ice cream brands (amongst others, Scandal, Variete and Karabola) and distribution network in Greece, for an undisclosed amount. On 23 March 2011: Unilever announced that it has entered a binding agreement to sell the global Sanex business to Colgate-Palmolive for â‚ ¬672m. Unilever also announced that it has entered into a binding agreement to acquire Colgate-Palmolive’s laundry detergent brands (Fab, Lavomatic and Vel) in Colombia for US$215m. . 2 History & Growth in Bangladesh perspective Unilever Bangladesh is a company that has its own history intrinsically built with the development of its nation and its culture. It has been part of the Bangladeshi household since the 19th century with the same intention of bringing cleanliness and convenience to households as Uniliver do today. Back then Sunlight soap was marketed through Lever Brothers India limited throughout the undivided India. Later on, Lever Brothers Pakistan limited started its operation in Bangladesh on a larger scale.In 1964, its soap manufacturing facility was setup in Kalurghat, Chittagong. With time it gradually evolved and diversified into manufacturing personal products like skin care creams, toothpastes, shampoos, detergent powders, and so on. Accumulating manufacturing experience over 40 years, Uniliver has a legacy of leading the market with international brands offered at affordable prices. Today, with 13 different brands in 8 different categories, Un ilever Bangladesh stands as one of the most progressive partner in development for the Government of Bangladesh. 964-1972 Productions started off with Sunlight soap and Lifebuoy soap. After the war of independence in 1971, Bangladesh became an independent country. At this time, Lever Brothers Bangladesh Ltd. was constituted with Unilever owning 60. 75% shares and the Government of Bangladesh owning the remaining 39. 25% shares. 1972-1980 Post liberation period evidenced accelerated growth for the company. Demand started rising and the company continued its mission to meet consumer needs by producing quality soaps, introducing Lux – the beauty soap and Wheel.Launched in 1972 Wheel entered the merchandised laundry category, traditionally dominated by cottage soaps. It appealed to the consumers with unique care benefits for hand and fabric, a generic weakness in cottage soaps. It gradually became the secret ally of Bangladeshi women by extending the caring hand to ease her daily laundry chores. 1980-1990 The early eighties witnessed expansion of the company through diversification. Calibrating direction, the mission now included enhancing quality of life through other personal products aspiring aestheticism like sparkling white teeth, fresh breath, beautiful hair, and glowing skin.A Personal Product Plant was established to manufacture shampoo, toothpaste, and skin care creams. Sunsilk Shampoo, Closeup Tooth paste, Fair and Lovely for skin care and Vim for dish washing was produced and marketed to bring great international and regional formulations to Bangladeshi households at affordable prices. 1989 heralded the beginning of a fairy tale story – the initiation of LUX photogenic contest that brought the real life experience of glamits, fame and fortune to the doorsteps of young girls throughout the country. 1990-1998 In the early 90? Unilever Bangladesh entered the tea-based beverage market introducing Lipton Taaza, Lever’s flagship packet te a brand, with the objective to be the most preferred tea of the Bangladeshi consumers. World renowned Pond’s cream and Pepsodent – the dental hygiene expert began to be manufactured from its Kalurghat factory. Washing drudgeries of the busy homemakers were washed away with the introduction of Wheel washing powder and Surf Excel for premium wash. In 1996-1997, its manufacturing facility owned and run by a third party was set up outside Dhaka for wheel washing powder.With formulations suitable for local conditions, the washing powder concept brought about a huge revolution in fabric washing habits in the country. 1998-2004 These are the golden years in the history of Unilever Bangladesh as the company turned around from severe losses due to competitive backlash – to a company with 6 years of consecutive growth. Around the end of November 2001, its new personal products factory â€Å"Sankalp† in Kalurghat started production which helped us meet the market ne eds from a shift on its dependence on soaps to diverse personal grooming categories.This is also the era when Unilever Bangladesh introduced many exciting new products such as Pond’s face wash to end soap related facial skin woes or Lipton double chamber tea bags for more zest in its tea cups and the markets responded enthusiastically. In 2001, Uniliver brought about a new excitement in the kitchen care sector with the introduction of Vim bar, the dish cleaning soap – a concept of convenience and common household habits combined together. In 2002 Rexona deodorant entered the market building in awareness about body odits problems and creating a new personal grooming habit in the country.The company’s soap formulations changed radically during this time to bring in world class standards – without any price rises. Lifebuoy, the health brand has moved from just the hard-working men’s soap to reminding one, of the bond of love that binds a family in a h ealthy circle, free of germs and sickness. In 2004, as a new variant, bringing in the goodness of Neem – an Ayurvedic medical marvel, Lifebuoy has reinstated its earnest endeavits to be ahead of consumer’s needs. In the span of these six years, Uniliver gathered many accolades (link to awards page) to certify its fast paced move towards world class performance.Unilever Bangladesh had a jitney towards adding new impetus to its trade marketing and today its products are available in 90% of the households in Bangladesh. In a company wide move to come out from behind the great brands and be known as Unilever worldwide, Lever Brothers Bangladesh limited officially changed its name to Unilever Bangladesh in December 2004. 2. 2. 1 Unilever Bangladesh (core information) Over the last fits decades, Unilever Bangladesh has been constantly bringing new and world-class products for the Bangladeshi people to remove the daily drudgery of life.Over 90% of the country’s househo lds use one or more of its products. Unilever Bangladesh is a Fast Moving Consumer Goods company with local manufacturing facilities, reporting to regional business groups for innovation and business results. Constitution Unilever – 60. 75% shares, Government of Bangladesh – 39. 25% Product categories Household Care, Fabric Cleaning, Skin Cleansing, Skin Care, Oral Care, Hair Care, Personal Grooming, Tea based Beverages. Unilever Bangladesh Brands Wheel, Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair & Lovely, Pond’s, Close Up, Sunsilk, Taaza, Pepsodent, Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, Rexona, Axe, Dove, & Vaseline.Manufacturing facilities The Company has a Soap Manufacturing factory and a Personal Products Factory located in Chittagong. Besides these, there is a tea packaging operation in Chittagong and three manufacturing units in Dhaka, which are owned and run by third parties exclusively dedicated to Unilever Bangladesh. 2. 2. 2 Key Dates: 1872: Two Dutch firms, Jurgens and Van den Bergh, beg in commercial production of margarine. 1885: William Hesketh Lever establishes soap factory in Warrington, marking the beginnings of Lever Brothers. 1908: Jurgens and Van den Bergh pool their interests. 914: Lever begins producing margarine at the request of the British government. 1927: Jurgens and Van den Bergh create dual-structured Margarine Union Limited and Margarine Unie N. V. 1929: Margarine Union/Margarine Unie merges with Lever Brothers to create Unilever, with dual Anglo-Dutch structure. 1930: Special committee is established as a board of directors over the British and Dutch Unilever holding companies. 1937: Reorganization equalizes the assets of the Dutch and the British groups of Unilever; Thomas J. Lipton Company, U. S. manufacturer of tea, is acquired. 944: The U. S. toothpaste brand Pepsodent is acquired. 1957: Company acquires U. K. frozen foods maker Birds Eye. 1961:U. S. ice cream novelty maker Good Humor is acquired. 1984: Buying spree begins that will last unti l 1988 and result in about 80 companies being acquired; Brooke Bond, the leading European tea company, is acquired through hostile takeover. 1986: Company acquires Chesebrough-Pond’s, its largest purchase to date. 1989: The acquisition of three companies, including Faberge Inc. , makes the company a major player in the world perfume and cosmetics industry. 994: The launch of a new laundry detergent in Europe turns into a public relations disaster when tests reveal that it can damage clothes under certain conditions. 1996: Fundamental management reorganization is launched, including the replacing of the special committee with a seven-member executive committee. 1997: Specialty chemicals operations are sold to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC for about US$8 billion. 1999: Company announces that it will eliminate about 1,200 of its brands to focus on around 400 regionally or globally poUniliverrful brands. 2. Corporate Objective The purpose of Unilever is to meet the everyday ne eds of people—everywhere anticipate the aspirations of company’s consumers and customers and to respond creatively and competitively with branded products and services which raise the quality of life. Company’s deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world are its unparalleled inheritance and the foundation for company’s future growth. The Unilivr will bring it’s wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers–a truly multi-local multinational.Company’s long term success requires a total commitment to exceptional standards of performance and productivity, to working together effectively and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learn continuously. Uniliver believe that to succeed requires the highest standards of corporate behavior towards its employees, consumers and the societies and world in which it exist. This is Unilever’s road to sustainable, profitable growth for its bus iness and long-term value creation for Uniliver shareholders and employees. 2. 4 Vision, Mission & Goals VisionUnilever products touch the lives of over 2 billion people every day – whether that’s through feeling great because they’ve got shiny hair and a brilliant smile, keeping their homes fresh and clean, or by enjoying a great cup of tea, satisfying meal or healthy snack. The fits pillars of Uniliver vision set out the long term direction for the company – where its want to go and how it is going to get there: It work to create a better future every day It help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others.It will inspire people to take small everyday actions that can add up to a big difference for the world. It will develop new ways of doing business with the aim of doubling the size of its company while reducing its environmental impact. Uniliver has always believed in the po wer of its brands to improve the quality of people’s lives and in doing the right thing. As its business grows, so do its responsibilities. Uniliver recognize that global challenges such as climate change concern us all.Considering the wider impact of its actions is embedded in its values and is a fundamental part of who it is. Mission Uniliver mission is to add Vitality to life. It meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life. In the last five years, it has built its business by focusing on its brands, streamlining how Uniliver work, and improving its insight into the evolving needs and tastes of consumers. Now Uniliver are taking the next step in simplification – by aligning its selves around a clear common mission.Uniliver recognize that the world in which Uniliver operate is changing. Consumers are increasingly bringing their views as citizens into their buying decisions, dem anding more from the companies behind the brands. They want companies and brands they trust. Unilever embraces these new expectations. Its heritage of good governance, product quality and long experience of working with communities gives us a strong base. Uniliver aim to build on this by taking the next step in transparency and accountability.It will stand visibly as Unilever, behind its products and everything Uniliver do, everywhere. Every day 150 million people in over 150 countries choose its products. Already, most of its brands give the benefits of feeling good, looking good and getting more out of life. Bertolli, for example, conjures up the Italian zest for life and Becel/Flora keeps hearts healthy. Sunsilk helps you feel happier because yits hair looks great. Its laundry brand, Omo, encitsages children to get dirty so they can experience more of life.In the future, its brands will do even more to add vitality to life. Its vitality mission will focus its brands on meeting co nsumer needs arising from the biggest issues around the world today – ageing populations, urbanizations, changing diets and lifestyles. Uniliver see growing consumer need for: a healthy lifestyle more variety, quality, taste and enjoyment time, as an increasingly precious commodity Helping people to feel good, look good and get more out of life will enable us to meet these needs and expand its business. Unilever is in a unique osition to understand the interrelationships between nutrition, hygiene and personal care. Uniliver can do this thanks to its strong science capability and its locally rooted consumer insight. It is by bringing all this together that Uniliver can strive to contribute to quality of life and wellbeing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ adding vitality to life. The long-term success of its business is intimately interconnected with the vitality of the environment and the communities in which Uniliver operate. The environment provides us with its raw materials and the ingredients Uniliver need to make its products.Healthy, prosperous communities provide us with a healthy, growing consumer base Goals Unilever Unveils 50 Sustainability  Goals 50 specific goals that include social and health-related targets under the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan released today. It expanded on a commitment made last year to double sales while reducing overall environmental impact. The new plan gets far more specific. And progress on this â€Å"social mission† is now part of every Unilever initiative launch plan alongside sales and profit targets, Mr. Lewis said, president of Uniliver America.Unilever isn’t the only company to recently step up environmental goals, but its targets are more ambitious than many, maybe even most. Procter & Gamble Co. also announced bigger sustainability goals for 2020 in September, targeting, among other things, a 20% reduction in packaging per consumer use, but Unilever’s goal is for an absolute reduction of 33%. Pledge t o use sustainable sits Unilever is pledging to sits all of its agricultural raw materials from sustainable sits by 2020 and half by 2015. That could drive up costs, but it is manageable by Uniliver.One of Unilever’s more ambitious targets is to expand its PureIt water-filtration brand, launched in India in 2004, to elsewhere in Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. It aims to have such systems provide safe drinking water to 500 million globally by 2020 — a population bigger than South America’s current 385 million or nearly half of India’s current 1. 1 billion. The company’s new â€Å"Sustainable Living Plan,† developed over the cites of the last 12 months, and unveiled around the globe today, focuses on Unilever’s entire supply chain, from the farms that supply raw materials for its products to the emissions and waste generated y customer use of those products. Among the targets Unilever has set: †¢ Since 100 percent of ag ricultural raw materials sustainable by 2015, including 100 percent sustainable palm oil. Unilever buys 3 percent of the world’s annual supply of palm oil. †¢ Change the hygiene habits of 1 billion people in Asia, Africa and Latin America to help reduce diarrhea — the word’s second biggest cause of infant mortality. Unilever will push sales of its Lifebuoy soap brand and teach consumers when to wash their hands to achieve this aim. Make drinking water safer in developing countries by extending sales of its PureIt home water purifier. †¢ Improve standards of living by working with agencies such as Oxfam and the Rainforest Alliance to link 500,000 smallholders and small-scale distributors to the Unilever supply chain. According to The Guardian:†[Unilever] also intends to improve the nutritional quality of its food products — with cuts in salt, saturated fats, sugar and calories — and link more than 500,000 small holder farmers and sma ll scale distributors in developing countries to its supply chain. The Sustainable Living Plan sets out over 50 social, economic and environmental targets. It will see Unilever, whose global brands include Dove, Omo, Knorr and Lipton, halve the greenhouse gas emissions, water and waste used not just by the company in its direct operations, but also by its suppliers and consumers. Over two-thirds of greenhouse gas emissions and half the water used in Unilever products’ lifecycle come from consumer use, so this is a major commitment on an unprecedented scale.Other key goals Unilever plans to achieve by or before 2020 include: 100% of its agricultural raw materials sustainable including, by 2015, 100% sustainable palm oil; Changing the hygiene habits of 1 billion people in Asia, Africa and Latin America so that they wash their hands with Lifebuoy soap at key times during the day – helping to reduce diarrhea disease, the world’s second biggest cause of infant mortal ity; Making safe drinking water available to half a billion people by extending sales of its low-cost in-home water purifier, PureIt, from India to other countries; Improving livelihoods in developing countries by working with Oxfam, Rainforest Alliance and others to link over 500,000 smallholder farmers and small-scale distributors into its supply chain. Paul Polman (group chief executive) emphasized that Unilever did not have all the answer were and that the ompany would need to work in partnership with customers, suppliers, governments and NGOs if it was to achieve its goals. 2. 6 Volume growth ahead of Uniliver markets Table-01 Underlying volume growth: Financial Year|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Growth|    2008|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0. 1%| 2009|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. 3%| 2010|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  5. 8%| Underlying volume growth accele rated in 2010 to 5. 8%, the best that Unilever has achieved for more than 30 years. Uniliver set out two years ago to reignite its volume growth and to grow ahead of its markets. That is what Uniliver are starting to do; its volume shares are up in all regions and in most categories. Volume growth was broad based.In its emerging markets business Uniliver grew volumes by around 10% over the year as a whole, with the key businesses of China, India and Turkey all delivering growth well into double digits. Only in Central and Eastern Europe did Uniliver see more subdued growth, although even here volumes were comfortably up in difficult markets. In the developed world, where growth has been very hard to achieve over the recent past, its volumes were also up by around 2%, again ahead of the market, in both Western Europe and North America. Uniliver gained volume share in all regions, with particularly strong performance in key emerging markets such as China, Indonesia, South Africa and A rgentina. Uniliver stern Europe also saw strong volume share gains, led by the Netherlands, France and Italy.Volume shares were also up in most of its core categories, with deodorants, skin cleansing, household care, ice cream and dressings all achieving notable gains during the year. Steady improvement in margin Underlying Operating Margin for the year increased by 20 basis points. It was another year of the steady and sustainable improvement that Uniliver have been targeting. Cost saving programmes again delivered strongly, with â‚ ¬1. 4 billion of savings in the year following a similar amount in 2009. Much of the success in savings came in the supply chain, and as a result gross margin, at constant currency, improved for the year despite negative underlying price growth and modestly higher commodity costs. Positive mix and improved volume leverage also contributed positively to gross margin.At the same time as increasing underlying operating margin Uniliver also increased sub stantially the advertising and promotions investment put behind its brands – at constant currency the increase was more than â‚ ¬300 million or 30 basis points in the year. This came after an even bigger increase in 2009, meaning an additional â‚ ¬700 million behind the building of its brand equities over the last two years. Aside from the gross margin increase, the key driver of margin improvement was a reduction in indirect costs, with the organization now leaner and a new discipline exerted in all areas of the cost base. Healthy cash delivery Working capital reduced as a percentage of turnovers and has now been negative for over 12 months. The cash conversion cycle improved by 17 days, from 20 days in 2009 to just three in 2010.Uniliver are close to best in class in its management of payables and receivables, but in inventories Uniliver still see scope for further improvement. This strong performance in working capital management was reflected in free cash flow, whic h was again healthy at â‚ ¬3. 4 billion. Over the last two years its combined free cash flow of â‚ ¬7. 4 billion represents around 90% of net profit. This is robust performance, particularly at a time when Uniliver are investing heavily in the future growth of the business in areas such as capital expenditure, as it build new capacity to support its rapid volume growth in emerging markets. The â‚ ¬0. 7 billion reduction versus 2009 reflected a smaller inflow from working capital in 2010, following the exceptional benefit of â‚ ¬1. 7 billion taken in 2009. 2. Corporate image Unilever claims that corporate social responsibility is at the heart of its business. However Uniliver, the transition to a responsible and sustainable company is ongoing and it has attracted a variety of criticisms from political, environmental and human rights activists on not achieving the high aims it communicates on a number of topics. 2. 8. 1 Environmental issues Unilever’s stated goals a re to decouple growth from the company’s environmental impact by halving the environmental footprint of its products helping 1  billion people improve their health and well-being since all of its agricultural raw materials sustainably Palm oilUnilever has been criticized by Greenpeace for causing deforestation, Unilever was targeted in 2008 by Greenpeace UK, which criticized the company for buying palm oil from suppliers that are damaging Indonesia’s rainforests. Unilever, as a founding member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), responded by publicizing its plan to obtain all of its palm oil from sitsces that are certified as sustainable by 2015. In Cote d’Ivoire, one of Unilever’s palm oil suppliers was accused of clearing forest for plantations, an activity that threatened a primate species, Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus. Unilever intervened to halt the clearances pending the results of an environmental assessment.On 4 July 2010, Uni lever announced that it has secured enough GreenPalm certificates of sustainable palm oil to cover the requirements of its European, Australia, and New Zealand business. GreenPalm is a certificate trading programme, endorsed by the RSPO, which is designed to tackle the environmental and social problems created by the production of palm oil. Rainforest Alliance Unilever has committed to purchase all its tea from sustainable, ethical sitsces. It has asked the international environmental NGO, Rainforest Alliance, to start by certifying tea farms in Africa. Lipton and PG Tips will be the first brands to contain certified tea. The company aims to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010 and all Lipton tea bags sold globally by 2015. Animal testingUnilever states it is committed to the elimination of animal testing, and where it is a legal requirement in some countries, it tries to convince the local authorities to change the law. Some act ivistsargue that this is little more than an effort to gain good publicity and Unilever continue to use animal experimentation such as the LD50 poisoning test. 2. 8. 2 Social issues Race and advertisements Hindustan Unilever, had been showing television advertisements for skin-lightening cream, Fair and Lovely, depicting depressed, dark-skinned women, who had been ignored by employers and men, suddenly finding new boyfriends and glamorous careers after the cream had lightened their skin.The Austrian branch of Unilever (Eskimo) is producing and marketing an ice-cream under the name Mohr im Hemd. â€Å"Mohr† (moor), is a colonial German word for African or black people, has a heavily colonialist and racist connotation, â€Å"Mohr im Hemd† (moor in the shirt) is a traditional Austrian chocolate specialty which refers to naked, â€Å"wild† Africans. Unilever refutes any racist intentions and claims that it has tested the name in broad market studies in Austria witho ut any critical feedback. Sexism in advertisements The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood criticized Unilever for the 2007 Axe marketing campaign, which they considered sexist. Unilever’s response is that the Axe campaign is intended as a spoof and â€Å"not meant to be taken literally†.Unilever has launched the Dove â€Å"Real Beauty† marketing campaign, which envisaged women to reject the underfed and hyper-sexualized images of modern advertising in 2007. Child labor In 2003 Hindustan Unilever was accused of making use of child labor, among others. 2. 9 Organizational Structure Billion-Euro brands Brands with annual sales of one billion euros or more: Axe/Lynx Blue Band Dove Flora/Becel Heartbrand Hellman’s Knorr Liptons Lux (soap) Omo/Surf (detergent) Rexona/Sure Sunsilk TIGI (haircare) Heartbrand The Heartbrand logo accompanying various brands of Unilever ice creams. Unilever is the world’s biggest ice cream manufacturer, with an annual t urnover of â‚ ¬5 billion.Except for the USA brand names Popsicle, Klondike, Ocean Spray ice cream, Slim Fast ice cream, Breyers, Starbucks and Ben & Jerry’s; all of its ice cream business is done under the â€Å"Heartbrand† brand umbrella, so called because of its heart-shaped logo. Unilever currently operates eleven ice cream factories in Europe; the biggest include factories at Heppenheim in Germany, Caivano in Italy, St. Dizier in France, Gloucester in the United Kingdom and Santa Iria da Azoia in Portugal. The Heartbrand was launched in 1998 (and slightly modified in 2003) as an effort to increase international brand awareness and promote cross-border synergies in manufacturing and marketing (â€Å"centralization†).It is present in more than 40 countries. Although the logo is common worldwide, each country retained the local brand so as to keep the familiarity built over the years, one notable exception being Hungary where the previous Eskimo brand was re placed with Algida in 2003. In 2005, Glidat Strauss received special permission from Unilever to export their brand of ice cream to the United States because of the strict kosher certification the products in Israel have. Under terms of the agreement, Strauss ice cream and krembo may be sold only in kosher supermarkets and import shops. It is distributed in North America by Dairy Delight, a subsidiary of Norman’s Dairy.Prior to the heart logo, each country could choose its own logo, although the most common one consisted of a blue circle with the local brand’s name over a background of red and white stripes; second most common old logo, used by Wall’s in the UK and other countries, was a yellow logo with Wall’s in blue text. Unilever generally manufactures the same ice-cream with the same names, with rare occasions of regional availability, under different brands. Some of these ice-creams include Carte D’Or, Cornetto, Magnum, Solero and Viennetta. Food and beverages Ades or Adez — soya-based drinks Alsa — desserts and syrups Amora — French mayonnaise and dressings Amino — dehydrated soup (Poland) Annapurna — salt and wheat flits (India) Bakers Joy – Non stick baking spray Becel — also known as Flora/Promise; health-aware: margarine, spreads, cooking oil, milk, ermented milk Ben & Jerry’s — ice cream Best Foods — mayonnaise, sandwich spreads, peanut butter and salad dressings Bertolli — pasta sauces (ambient/chilled & frozen) and margarine BiFi — sausage-based snacks (Germany) Blue Band — family-aware: margarine, bread, cream alternatives Bovril — beef extract Breyers — ice cream Brooke Bond — tea Bru — instant coffee (India) Brummel & Brown — margarine Bushells — tea (Australia, New Zealand) Calve — sauces, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, peanut butter Chicken Tonight – Unilivert sau ces range Choysa – Tea, marketed mainly in Australia and New Zealand Conimex — Asian spices (Netherlands) Colman’s — mustard,condiments, packet sauces & OK Fruity Sauce Continental — side dishes Country Crock — margarine Delma — margarine (Poland) Du Darfst (Germany) Elmlea — Pitsable artificial cream available in different varieties (UK) Fanacoa — Mayonnaise, mustard, ketchup (Argentina) Findus — frozen foods (Italy, UK, Scandinavia) Flora — margarine, light butter, jams Fruco — ketchup, mayonnaise and condiments Fudgsicle Gallo — olive oil Heartbrand — ice cream (umbrella logo) Hellmann’s — mayonnaise I Can’t Believe It’s Not Butter — margarine spread Imperial Margarine — margarine Jif Lemon & Lime Juice Kasia — margarine (Poland) Kecap Bango — soya sauce in Indonesia Kissan — Ketchups Squashes and Jams (India and Pakistan ) Klondike — Ice cream sandwiches Knorr (Knorr-Suiza in Argentina) — sauces, stock cubes, ready-meals, meal kits, ready-soups, frozen food range| Lady’s Choice — mayonnaise, peanut butter and sandwich spreads (Philippines, Malaysia) Lan-Choo — tea (Australia/New Zealand) Lao Cai Seasoning Lipton — tea Lipton Ice Tea — ready-to-drink tea (partnership with PepsiCo) Lizano Sauce (Salsa Lizano) — Costa Rican condiment Lyons’ — tea (Ireland) Maille — French mustard Maizena — corn starch Marmite — yeast extract spread (except in Australia and New Zealand, called Its Mate) McCollins — tea (Peru) Mrs Dash – Seasonings range Molly McButter Mrs.Filbert’s — margarine (USA) Paddle pop — Ice cream (Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia [incorporated with Wall's]) Pfanni — Bavarian potato mixesPeperami — Sausage snacks PG Tips — tea (UK) Phase — cookin g oil Planta — margarine Popsicle — Frozen treats Pot Noodle — cup noodles Promise — Becel/Flora Ragu — pasta sauces Rama — margarine Royal — pastas (Philippines) Royco — stock cubes, non-MSG stock (only in Indonesia) Red Rose Tea — tea (Canada) Sana — Margarine (Turkey) Saga — tea (Poland) Sariwangi — tea (Indonesia) Scottish Blend — tea Skippy — peanut butter Slim†¢Fast — diet products Sugar Twin Sunce (Sun) — Mayonnaise (Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro) brand now discontinued, Sunce factory now produces Uniliver brand Knor Mayonnaise Stork margarine Streets (ice cream) (Australia/New Zealand) Tortex — ketchup (Poland) Turun sinappi — mustard (Finland/SUniliverden) Unilever Food Solutions — professional markets (food service) Unox — soups, smoked sausages Vaqueiro — cooking margarine, cooking oil Wall’s ice cream Wish-Bone salad dressing| Partial list of national brands variants of the HeartbrandAlgida — Czech Republic, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Republic Of Macedonia, Malta, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Latvia, Lithuania Bresler — Chile Cargills — Sri Lanka Eskimo — Austria Frigo — Spain Frisko — Denmark GB Glace — SUniliverden, Finland Glidat Strauss — Israel, USA Good Humor — USA, Canada, China HB — Ireland Helados La Fuente — Colombia — China Holanda — Mexico, Central America| Kibon — Brazil Kwality Wall’s — India Langnese — Germany Lusso — Switzerland Miko — France Ola — Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembitsg, South Africa Ola — Portugal Pinguino — Ecuador Selecta — Philippines Streets — Australia, New Zealand (slogan ‘Nothing Beats Streets’) Tio Rico — Venezu ela Wall’s — United Kingdom (Great Britain), Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Thailand and other parts of Asia Wall’s HB — United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)|   Home and personal care brandsAla — laundry detergent (Argentina) Andrelon Axe — deodorant, shoUniliverr gel, bodyspray (Lynx in the UK, Ireland and Australasia) Ayush (India) Badedas — ShoUniliverr gels Baba (East Europe) Biotex — laundry detergent Brilhante — laundry detergent (Brazil) Brisk-Hair Styling products for men (Southeast Asia,North America,All Regions,All Variants:Brisk Hairstyling Unilivertlook,Brisk Hairstyling Unilivertlook Extra Strong,Brisk Shampoo 2 in 1 For Men,Brisk Hairstyling Cream Antidandruff,Brisk Hair Cream) Brut — cologne, aftershave Brylcreem — hair styling products for men Caress — soap Cif — cleaning Clear — anti-dandruff shampoo and conditioner(China, Southeast Asia, Romania, P akistan, Poland, Hungary) Close-Up — toothpaste Coccolino — softener (Poland, Hungary, Romania) Comfort Consort – Men hair care Cream Silk — conditioner (Philippines) Degree — deodorant Dimension Domestos — bleach (Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Spain, Germany, Italy, Israel, France, Turkey, Australia) Dove — skin, hair, and deodorant Dusch Das — shoUniliverr gels Fair and Lovely — skin lightening product (available in India and Malaysia) FDS – Skin care range Finesse — shampoo and conditioner (sold in 2006 to Lornamead Brands, Inc. Gessy (Brazil)— soaps Glorix (Netherlands) Good Morning — soap (Egypt) Impulse — deodorant ; body spray Just for me – Kids hair range Lever 2000 — soap Lifebuoy — soap (Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Australia) Clinic — dandruff shampoo Lynx — deodorant, men’s Lysofor m — home care (Italy) Lux — women’s soap, shoUniliverr gel, and lotions (Caress in the United States) Matey — children’s bubble bath Minerva — laundry and dishwasher detergents (Brazil) Mist — soap (Egypt) Motions – Hair care Neutral — laundry detergent Nexxus – Salon Hair care Noxzema – Skin care range Omo (South America) — laundry detergent Origins| Pears Transparent Soap Pepsodent — dental (outside of the United States) Persil (IE/UK/FR/NZ) Pond’s (Outside of the United Kingdom and United States) Prodent — toothpaste Quix — dishwashing liquid (Chile) Q-Tips — cotton swabs Radox — ShoUniliverr gels and Bubble Bath Range Rexona — deodorant Rinso Robijn — softener Salon Selectives – shampoo and conditioner (sold in 2010 to CLT International) Sedal (known in Brazil as Seda) shampoo and conditioner Signal Simple— Skin/ body care rang e SR — toothpaste with sodium ricinoleate Skip — laundry detergent Static Guard Suave Sun — dishwasher Sunlight Sunsilk (Sedal in Latin America, Seda in Brazil) — shampoo and conditioner Sure Surf — laundry detergent Soft ; Beautiful – Hair Care products St Ives – Hand ; body care Swan (defunct) TBC – Hair care range Thermasilk — shampoo and conditioner TIGI — shampoo and conditioner for hair salons Tholl – skin cure Timotei — shampoo and conditioner Tony ; Guy – Hair care range TRESemme – Hair care range Vaseline body lotion, shoUniliverr gel, deodorant (Vasenol in Portugal, Brazil, Italy, India, Spain and Mexico) Vibrance — shampoo and conditioner Vim (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) Vitapointe — Conditioner (UK/IE) Vinolia — soap (Brazil) Viso — laundry detergent (Vietnam and Indonesia) White Beauty — skin lightening cream Williams — men’ s care VO5 – Hair care/ Styling Xedex Zendium — toothpaste Zhonghua — toothpaste Zwitsal — Baby care range| 2. 9. 1 Principal Operating Units: Africa; Central Asia ; Middle East; China; East Asia Pacific; Latin America; DiverseyLever; Food ; Beverages–Europe; Ice Cream ; Frozen Foods–Europe; Home ; Personal Care–Europe; Central ; Eastern Europe; Foods–North America; Home ; Personal Care–North America . CHAPTER 3 STRATEGY AND MARKETING SWOT analysis Strength:Unilever  Ã‚   is one of the world largest Company. Company has advanced technology and well skilled professionals. Product is highly qualified. The target people are the whole people. Company totally owned, systematic distribution network, transparent communication system. Participative management style. Weakness Competitors has strong promotional activities. Customers are offered better alternatives by the competition. Advertisement flaws. Devotion of product. Pro duct’s quality looses its values. Poor Promotion of free sample. No Unique identification of product. Opportunities Population expanding at a rapid rate. Consumers are becoming more quality conscious.Current capacity utilization ; 0% which can be bather broadened with the increased in demand. Customer base is increasing with effective marketing. Baby shampoo is another area uniliver can make huge gains. Shampoo plus conditioner and anti dandruff shampoos are another area where unilver can earnhvge profits. Pural areas are a large prospective market where they can introduce. Threat Political and economic factors. Partial government Policies. High rate of competition. Local and foreign competition. 4. 9. 1 Top Uniliver competitors: Company| Location| Proctor ; Gamble| Cincinnati, OH| Kraft foods| Northfield, IL| Nestle| Vevey, Switzerland| 4. 9. Market share: | Uniliver|   P ; G| Kraft| Nestle| Top segment| C/G foods| Consumer care| Food| Food| Top brand| Dove| Tide| Mac ; ch eese| Kitkat| CEO| A. Burgmans| A. G. Lefely| R. Deromedi| P. Letmathe| Stock per share| $66. 03| $53. 76| $30. 70| $66. 90| Growth| 15. 55%| 9. 25%| 8. 2%| 11. 23%| Revenues| $42. 942m| $28. 2bl| $31. 010m| $69. 00bl| Revenues growth| -11. 39%| 19%| 4. 3%| -1. 93%| International| 100+| 42| 150+| 86| Business segment| 3| 5| 5| 6| Employees| 234000| 110000| 10600| 253000| (Sitsce: Hoovers Business Intelligence Guide) 4. 9. 3 Principal Competitors: Alberto-Culver Company; Amway Corporation; Avon Products, Inc. Beiersdorf AG; Ben ; Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. ; Bestfoods; Campbell Soup Company; The Clorox Company; The Coca-Cola Company; Colgate-Palmolive Company; ConAgra, Inc. ; Dairy Farmers of America; Groupe Danone; Del Monte Foods Company; The Dial Corporation; The Estee Lauder Companies Inc. ; The Gillette Company; Hormel Foods Corporation; Johnson ; Johnson; Kraft Foods, Inc. ; L’Oreal; LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA; Mars, Inc. ; Nabisco Holdings Corp. ; Nestle S. A. ; The Pillsbury Company; The Procter ; Gamble Company; Reckitt ; Colman plc; Revlon, Inc. ; Sara Lee Corporation; S. C. Johnson ; Son, Inc. ; Shiseido Company, Limited; Unigate PLC. 4. 10 AdvertisingA freezer in Queens, NY filled with Strauss ice cream from Israel with the Heartbrand Unilever has produced many advertising campaigns, including: Lynx/Axe click advert with Nick Lachey (US only) and Ben Affleck (Non-US only) PG Tips Monkey and Al Knorr Chicken Tonight, ‘I feel like chicken tonight’ Knorr Chinese Soup, ‘Just add one egg! ’ Flora London Marathon Knorr global brand Dove Campaign for Real Beauty, including Evolution Calve Pindakaas (peanut butter) in the Netherlands Comfort Pure recommended by mothercare Clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo and conditioner with the entertainer Rain Clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo and conditioner with the entertainer Nicole Scherzinger Clear Soft and Shiny shampoo and conditioner with the actress Sandra Dewi 4. 11. 1 Outlook and risks OutlookMarket conditions for its business were challenging in 2010 and Uniliver do not anticipate this changing significantly in 2011. Economic pressures are expected to continue to weigh heavily on consumer spending, particularly in developed markets where the combined impact of austerity measures and high unemployment is likely to constrain disposable incomes. Emerging market growth should continue to be robust, although even here Uniliver expect to see a modest slowdown. The most difficult environment is likely to be in Western Europe, where higher taxes, lower public expenditure and potentially rising interest rates mean that, for the short term at least, growth will be limited.In these conditions, consumer confidence is not expected to rise significantly in the year ahead and the search for value by the consumer will continue unabated. A further source of volatility in the year ahead is the return of inflationary pressure, particularly in respect of key commodity cost s. Uniliver anticipate significant commodity cost inflation for at least the first half of 2011. If current trends continue then this inflationary pressure will extend also into the second half and beyond. In this environment Uniliver expect prices to rise, albeit at a lower rate than costs as competitors seek to protect market positions and offset higher commodity costs with savings elsewhere. The competitive environment for its business is likely to remain intense in 2011.Its key competitors, both global and local, will be eager to rebuild market share in many of its markets and categories, and will design their activity plans accordingly. Uniliver expect continued high levels of competitive challenge to its many category leadership positions. Some of this will be price-based, as in 2010, but Uniliver also expect strong innovation-based competition backed by wide-ranging brand support. With the improvements Uniliver have been making to its business Uniliver are well prepared for t hese challenges. Faced with these challenges Uniliver will continue to focus on its long term strategic priorities of driving volume growth ahead of its markets whilst providing a steady improvement in underlying operating margin and strong cash flow.Uniliver are well placed, with an impressive presence in emerging markets, more than 75% of its business in either category leadership or number two positions, a portfolio of strong brands, an increasingly effective innovation programme and a dynamic new performance culture. These give us confidence that Unilever is fit to compete, whatever the circumstances. Principal risk factors Risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to vary from those described in forward-looking statements made within this document, or could impact on its ability to meet its targets or be detrimental to its profitability or reputation. The risks that Uniliver regard as the most relevant to its business are identified below.Uniliver have also commented o n certain mitigating actions that Uniliver believe help us manage such risks; however, Uniliver may not be successful in deploying some or all of these mitigating actions. 4. 11. 2 Where Uniliver will win Brands and innovation are at the heart of its business model. Uniliver aim to offer a broad portfolio those appeals to consumers with different needs and budgets. Unilever brands must also offer product quality that is recognized as superior by its consumers and supported by excellent marketing. Meanwhile, its innovation programme is focused on being ‘bigger, better, faster’. This means leveraging technology to create bigger, better innovation platforms that are then rolled out faster to multiple markets.Its ambition is to win share and grow volume profitably across its categories and countries – and Uniliver believe it has the tools in place to do so. Uniliver have a portfolio fit for growth, with strong brands and many leading category positions. Geographicall y, its outstanding presence in the emerging markets leaves us well positioned to win where much of the future growth will be. Yet, Uniliver is also determined to grow in the developed world, which represents around half of its business and where the bulk of the world’s wealth will remain for many years to come. The biggest opportunity for Unilever and its customer’s lies in growing the size of its categories, which Uniliver will strive to achieve through innovation and market development.Uniliver will further enhance and broaden its relationship with customers – working together on areas of mutual benefit such as consumer research, shopper behavior and merchandising. To sustain winning customer relationships and to enable growth, Uniliver will also need to be consistently brilliant at customer service and in-store execution. Uniliver will aim to reinforce its continuous improvement philosophy by further developing a customer and consumer-led, agile value chain. Its focus will be in three areas. Uniliver will prioritise speed and flexibility in the supply chain to deliver growth. Secondly Uniliver will Leverage its global network capabilities and scale more aggressively.Finally Uniliver will work to get a better return on its advertising and promotional expenditure – one of its most significant areas of cost. It is vital that Uniliver have the talent and organization in place to match its growth ambition. Across the business, Uniliver are therefore looking ahead at what it needs to achieve, and aim to equip itself with the necessary people, skills and capabilities to get there. Uniliver also know that engagement and a culture based on living its values are essential for keeping the best people. Uniliver believe its operating framework allows us to balance scale and global expertise to develop successful products with the local consumer intimacy needed to market and sell them. 4. 11. 3 How Uniliver will win Strategy With confidence in its ability to grow Uniliver launched a renewed, bold vision for the company – to double its size while improving its environmental footprint. With its portfolio of brands, presence in emerging markets and long-standing commitment to shared value creation, Uniliver believe yits company is well placed to deliver on this ambition. † Strategies are: a. Winning with brands and innovation b. Growth priorities c. Winning in the market place d. Winning through continuous improvement e. Winning with people a. Winning with brands and innovation Superior products Its aim is to give people a great experience when they use its brands – better than the competition.Uniliver are investing in improving product quality and making stronger functional claims. Uniliver are also focusing on design, packaging, marketing and advertising, in order to get its brand benefits across more persuasively. Take Knorr Stockpot bouillon. Using a unique jelly technology that delivers homemade tas te and quality, this product is helping people create a special meal at home instead of eating out. Widespread appeal Product superiority is essential, but Uniliver also need to offer a broad range of choice which meets differing consumer needs and price points wherever Uniliver operate. Brands and innovation are at the heart of everything Uniliver do.Uniliver develop its products to keep pace with changes in consumer lifestyles and to appeal to people at all income levels. Success means getting bigger and better innovations into the market faster, supported by the very best marketing. In the UK, understanding that consumers are looking for value without compromising on quality, and recognizing the importance of fragrance in communicating a product’s benefits, Uniliver developed a range of liquid concentrates for Surf detergent with added essential oils, resulting in 29% growth. In Russia, despite a severe economic recession, Uniliver achieved growth of more than 20% in its t ea sales by offering choice across multiple price points with three distinctive brands –Lipton, Brooke Bond and Beseda. And in India, here water quality remains a major concern, the breakthrough technology of PureIt, its in-home purification system, is providing safe and affordable drinking water with complete protection from the water-borne germs that cause diseases. In 2009, Pureit provided safe drinking water for more than 15 million people in 3 million households in India. b. Growth priorities Bigger, better, faster innovations Successful innovation is based on deep consumer insight. The balance Uniliver seek to achieve is to marry global strength in R;D with local knowledge of people’s habits, tastes and behaviors. To grow at the rate Uniliver want to, its focus investment on products that can work globally rather than on launches in just a few countries.Uniliver have also doubled the number of big projects Uniliver are working on. Uniliver are already seeing resu lts. Uniliver have rolled out Axe Dark Temptation deodorant to 56 markets, Lipton Pyramid fruit tea bags to 38 markets and Clear shampoo to 35 markets. For a product to work at a global level, it needs to address unmet needs with superior technology and a clear consumer concept. R;D must deliver breakthrough science in areas that really matter to consumers, with products that do what they claim. Success on this scale requires strict priorities and big ideas. Within R;D, part of prioritizing is getting the balance right between the short and the long term.With an eye to its future growth plans, during 2009 Uniliver developed a more robust process for fuelling its longer-term innovation pipeline. Called the Genesis Programme, it spans its foods and home and personal care categories